Research methods

Question 1

naturalistic

Answer 1

take place in a setting or context where the target behaviour would usually occur

Question 2

controlled

Answer 2

watching and recording behaviour within a structured environement

Question 3

particicpant

Answer 3

the researcher becomes a member of the group whose behaviour they are watching and recording

Question 4

non participant

Answer 4

the researcher remains outside of the group whose behaviour they are watching and recording

Question 5

covert

Answer 5

participants’ behaviour is watched and recorded without their knowledge or consent

Question 6

overt

Answer 6

participants’ behaviour is watched and recorded with their knowledge or consent

Question 7

event sampling

Answer 7

a target behaviour or event is first established then the researcher records this event every time it occurs

Question 8

time sampling

Answer 8

a target individual or group is first established then the researcher records their behaviour in a fixed time frame

Question 9

questionnaires

Answer 9

a set of written questions used to asses a persons thoughts and/or experiences

Question 10

structured interviews

Answer 10

made up of pre-determined questions that are asked in a fixed order

Question 11

unstructured interview

Answer 11

no set questions, there is a general aim that a certain topic will be discussed and interaction tends to be free-flowing

Question 12

pilot studies

Answer 12

small scale trial runs of a piece of research aims to spot flaws with the research design to improve validity

Question 13

directional hypothesis

Answer 13

certain of a result

Question 14

non directional hypothesis

Answer 14

not sure which way the result will occur

Question 15

null hypothesis

Answer 15

no difference or no relationship or relationship is due to chance

Question 16

opportunity sampling

Answer 16

involves using anyone who happens to be available at the time and is willing to be involved

Question 17

random sampling

Answer 17

small group is selected from the sampling frame where everyone an an equal chance of being chosen

Question 18

stratified sampling

Answer 18

sample has the same proportions as the target population

Question 19

volunteer sampling

Answer 19

involves participants becoming part of a study in response to an advert or notice

Question 20

systematic sample

Answer 20

every nth member of the target population is selected

Question 21

independent group design

Answer 21

participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition

Question 22

repeated measures

Answer 22

all participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

Question 23

matched pairs

Answer 23

pairs of participants are first matched on some variables that may affect the dependent variable , then one does each condition

Question 24

informed consent

Answer 24

gives permission for the task

Question 25

deception

Answer 25

participant is lied to

Question 26

right to withdraw

Answer 26

participant can leave the study at any point of take their data

Question 27

protection from harm

Answer 27

participants cant be harmed physically or mentally

Question 28

privacy

Answer 28

participants shouldn't feel uncomfortable

Question 29

anonymity/ confidentiality

Answer 29

protecting their identity

Question 30

reliability

Answer 30

repeating a study or test, and getting consistent findings

Question 31

validity

Answer 31

true picture of what we are intending to actually measure

Question 32

test retest

Answer 32

test is carried out on the same participants more than once and the consistency of results is recorded by correlating he two sets of data

Question 33

inter observer reliability

Answer 33

checked by having more than one observer

Question 34

face validity

Answer 34

involves asking an expert

Question 35

concurrent validity

Answer 35

refers to the extent to which a psychological measure relates to an existing measure in the field

Question 36

interval

Answer 36

data which comes in the form of a numerical value where the difference between points is standardised and meaningful

Question 37

ordinal

Answer 37

data which is placed into some kind of order of scale

Question 38

nominal

Answer 38

data which can be separated into discrete categories which dont overlap

Question 39

type 1 error

Answer 39

false positive, rejecting the null hypothesis when results were due to chance

Question 40

type 2 error

Answer 40

a false negative, accepting the null hypothesis when results were actually significant