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Research Methods key words Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Replicability

A

Whether a particular method and findings can be repeated with different people to have similar results

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2
Q

Empirical evidence

A

The evidence can be physically tested and observed (5 senses)

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

Not influenced, non bias

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4
Q

Control

A

All extraneous variables need to be controlled to establish the IV (cause) and the DV (effect)

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction something is going to happen in the study. It is based on previous research or an observations, which must be operationalised and unambiguous

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6
Q

Falsifiability

A

The process of proving a hypothesis is incorrect

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7
Q

Theory construction

A

Has to be logically thought out

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8
Q

Introspection

A

The method used to study structuralism

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9
Q

Structuralism

A

The idea that we can breakdown and analyse the basis elements that constitute the mind and conscience

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10
Q

Idiographic

A

Understanding behaviour through studying individual cases-case studies

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11
Q

Nomothetic

A

Understanding behaviour through general laws that apply to all people

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12
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variable other than the IV which could affect the DV if it isn’t controlled

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13
Q

Independent measures design

A

Participants are in 2 or more separate groups/conditions

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14
Q

Repeated measures design

A

The same participants conduct 2 or more tests

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15
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Giving participants the same test on 2 separate occasions; if the same/similar results are obtained then it has external reliability

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16
Q

Independent variable

A

Something the experimenter changes

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

What you are measuring

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18
Q

Matched pairs

A

Pairs of participants are selected but they must be similar. One member of each pair completes each condition and then the scores are compared

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19
Q

Lab experiment

A

Done in controlled conditions. Must have full control of the IV and methodology or environment

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20
Q

Field experiment

A

The environment is not controlled but the IV is. (Done in a ‘real world’ environment

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21
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Psychologists conduct controlled research but the IV occurs naturally. Its planned

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22
Q

Natural experiment

A

An occurrence happens which psychologists take advantage of in order to research (IV happens naturally and they have no control over any elements). Its not planned

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23
Q

Standardisation

A

Everything must be the same for all participants so that it is fair

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24
Q

Counterbalancing

A

An attempt to control order effects in a repeated measures design. Half the pp’s experience the condition in one order and the second half would do it in the opposite order

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25
Demand characteristics
An example of extraneous variables. When the pp knows the true aim of the experiment and then they will act how they think experimenter wants them to
26
Order effects
An example of extraneous variables. Occurs in a repeated measures design. Pp's may become bored or tired which could cause their behaviour to be different
27
Investigator effects (experimenter effects)
An example of extraneous variables. Factors relation to the experimenter which could cause the pp to act differently. For example, how they say it and what they say
28
Situational variables
An example of extraneous variables. This is when the environment can affect the pp's behaviour. Such as, light, temperature and the time of the day
29
Participant variables
An example of extraneous variables. This is pp's individual differences such as IO, reading ability, age gender etc
30
Self report methods
Questionnaires/interviews
31
Single bind
Participants are not aware of researcher aims/conditions of the experiment they are receiving
32
Double bind
The participant and researcher do no know the study aims/details
33
Experimental realism
Extent of which situations created in social psychology experiments are real and impactful to pp's
34
Operationalised
How the variables are going to be specifically measured
35
Cofounding variables
Any variables other than the IV which may have affected the DV. They can change/vary with co variables
36
Directional hypothesis (one tailed)
Will say more or less, how the direction of the results will go
37
Non directional hypothesis (two tailed)
Doesn't have a direction the results will have. Will just say a difference
38
Correlation
The relationship/link between the covariables (always between -1 and +1)
39
Correlation coefficient
It's a statistic that describes the relationship between two sets of paired data
40
Positive correlation
Both cofounding variables rise. It will have a +1 before the number
41
Negative correlation
One cofounding variable rises but one falls. Will have -1 before the number
42
Correlation strength
If the number is closer to 1 then it is stronger, if it is closer to 0 then it is weaker. The dots are closer together if it is closer to 1
43
Deception
Withholds the aims of a study to avoids them changing their behaviour. They must be debriefed after the study
44
Right to Withdraw
All pp's should know that they can withdraw from a study at any time
45
Informed consent
They should know as much as possible about the procedure before they agree to do it
46
Protection form psychological harm
The participants should leave in the same state as they entered the experiment
47
Privacy
They should not be observed in situations where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy
48
Confidentiality
Researchers should do everything possible to ensure anonymity by removing names and any identifying details. They should be told who will read the report and they should have an opportunity to read it themselves
49
Ecological validity
Refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalised beyond the present situation
50
Face validity
Refers to the extent to which a measure appears on the surface to measure on the surface to measure what it is supposed to measure. Quick test to see if it's valid (usually in a questionnaire)
51
Concurrent validity
This is the degree to which a test corresponds to another test that is known concurrently (occurring at the same time). If the new test is validated by a comparison with a currently existing criterion, we have this type of validity
52
Temporal validity
The extent to which we can generalise/apply the results of a study across time
53
External reliability
The extent to which a measure can be generalised from one to another
54
Internal reliability
The extent to which a measure can be generalised from one to another
55
Internal validity
Related to what actually happens in the study and whether it measures what it is supposed to
56
Random sampling
Every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected
57
Stratified sampling
Dividing the target population into important subcategories . Selecting members in proportion that they occur in the population
58
Systematic sampling
Selecting every 'nth' person in the population in a systematic way with a particular interval between
59
Volunteer sampling (self-selecting)
Individuals who have chosen to be involved in a study.
60
Opportunity sampling
Simply selecting those people who are available at that time
61
Cognitive interview
A different method of an interview, not a standard interview
62
Report everything (cognitive interview)
The witness must mentally reconstruct the incident in their mind
63
Reinstate original context (cognitive interview)
They must put themselves in a similar state of mind as they were in the incident
64
Change the order (cognitive interview)
Eye witnesses may be asked to recall events in reverse order, or to start in the middle
65
Change the perspective (cognitive interview)
They eyewitness is asked to imagine reviewing the incident from a different perspective
66
Standard deviation
The smaller the number, the closer it is to the mean and the larger the number, the further it is to the mean
67
Overt
They know they are being observed
68
Covert
They don't know that they are being observed
69
Naturalistic observation
Uncontrolled, everything is normal
70
Controlled observation
Some variables are controlled by the researchers. Pp's may know that they are being observed
71
Unstructured observation
No recording system-everything is noted
72
Structured observation
Behaviours are pre planned and can tally of their behaviour
73
Participant observation
The observer is part of the group which is being observed
74
None participant observation
The researcher remains separate and private for their observation
75
Inter-rater reliability
The extent to which all observers agree on behavioural categories being illustrated
76
Event sampling
Counting numbers of events in a period of time
77
Time sampling
Recording behaviours at timed intervals
78
Mutually exclusive
No overlap between categories
79
Behavioural categories
Things that you note down. They must be mutually exclusive and operationalised
80
Response bias
The wording of a question affects how a person decides the answer. They may adjust their estimate to fit in the expectations of the questioner
81
Optimal
Best performance
82
Anxiety
The state of physically and emotional arousal

Psychology (2 decks)

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