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AICP Code of Ethics & Conduct > Research Methods & Statistical Analysis > Flashcards

Research Methods & Statistical Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three approaches to research?

A

Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

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2
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Understanding the meaning of individuals and groups ascribed to human or social problems.

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3
Q

Which research method would include a flexible written report?

A

Qualitative

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4
Q

Which research method analysis involves building from particular data to general themes?

A

Qualitative

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5
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationships among variables.

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6
Q

Which research method would have numbered data and a well structured written report?

A

Quantitative

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7
Q

What is mixed methods research?

A

A collection of qualitative and quantitative data

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8
Q

Which research method assumes a more complete understanding of a research problem?

A

Mixed methods research

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9
Q

What research method focuses on the study of a single case?

A

Case Study Method

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10
Q

Which research method analyzes data from different settings/groups at the same point in time or vice versa to identify similarities and differences?

A

Comparative Analysis

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11
Q

Which research method studies the way versions of the world, society, events, and psyche are produced in the use of language and context?

A

Discourse Analysis

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12
Q

What research method involves harnessing any digital technology to undertake and promote social research?

A

e-Research

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13
Q

A multi-method qualitative approach that studies people in their “naturally occurring settings or fields” by means of methods to capture their social meanings and ordinary activities. Usually the researcher participating directly in that setting.

A

Ethnography

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14
Q

An example of a _______________ is participant observation, interview, discourse analysis of natural language and personal documents.

A

Ethnography

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15
Q

When a researcher goes to observe an everyday event in the environment where it occurs?

A

Field Research

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16
Q

An inductive form of qualitative research where data collection and analysis are conducted together.

A

Grounded Theory

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17
Q

An approach that develops the theory from the data collection, rather than applying the theory to the data.

A

Grounded Theory

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18
Q

A study of textual devices at work in the construction process or sequence within a text is what type of analysis?

A

Narrative Analysis

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19
Q

Where respondents can give a detailed account of themselves and tell their stories rather than answer a predetermined list of questions would by part of what type of analysis?

A

Narrative Analysis

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20
Q

What are the three important steps in the statistical process?

A

Collecting data, describing and summarizing the distribution of values in the data set, and interpreting the means of inferential statistics and statistical modeling.

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21
Q

Examples of a zoning classification, social security number, and sex are ____________?

A

Nominal Data

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22
Q

What kind of data is classified exclusively into groups or categories and lack an intrinsic order?

A

Nominal data

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23
Q

What kind of data is ordered through categories that imply a ranking?

A

Ordinal data

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24
Q

What kind of data has an ordered relationship where the difference between the scales has a meaningful interpretation?

A

Interval data

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25
Q

Which kind of data has an absolute and relative difference in meaning?

A

Ratio data

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26
Q

Which data is the gold standard of measurement?

A

Ratio Data

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27
Q

What kind of variable represents an internal or ratio measurement?

A

Quantitative

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28
Q

What kind of variable corresponds to a nominal or ordinal measurement?

A

Qualitative

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29
Q

What kind of variable can take on infinite number of values (positive or negative)?

A

Continuous variable

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30
Q

What kind of variable can only take on a finite number of distinct values?

A

Discrete variable

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31
Q

Household income, level of pollutant in a river is example of what type of variable?

A

Quantitative variables

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32
Q

Zoning classification is an example of what type of variable?

A

Qualitative

33
Q

Number of accidents per month is an example of what kind of variable?

A

Discrete variable.

34
Q

What is a subset of a population?

A

A sample

35
Q

A ________________ is the totality of some entity

A

Population

36
Q

What kind of statistics describes the character of the distribution of values in a population or in a sample?

A

Descriptive Statistics

37
Q

What kind of statistics is the following statement “On average, AICP test takers in 2022 are 30 years old”?

A

Descriptive statistics

38
Q

What kind of statistics uses the probability theory to determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population?

A

Inferential statistics

39
Q

If you took a sample of 25 test takers and use their average age to say something about the mean age of all test takers, what type of statistics would you be using?

A

Inferential statistics

40
Q

A ____________ groups observations into bins that represent what is commonly referred to as a bar chart.

A

histogram

41
Q

A ___________ shows a smooth curve.

A

Density plot

42
Q

_____________ is the overall shape of all observed data.

A

Distribution

43
Q

What is an important characteristic of distribution?

A

The range of the data

44
Q

What is the gold standard in many statistical analysis?

A

Bell curve (gaussian distribution)

45
Q

What type of distribution is symmetrical?

A

Bell curve (gaussian distribution)

46
Q

What kind of distribution is one where an equal number of observation are below and above the mean?

A

Symmetrical distribution

47
Q

What kind of distribution is one where there are either more observations below the mean or more above the mean?

A

asymmetric distribution

48
Q

A distribution would be skewed in which direction if the bulk of the values are above the mean?

A

The right

49
Q

A distribution is skewed in which direction if small values such as zero affect the data.

A

the left

50
Q

A ___________ is a typical or representative value for the distribution of observed values.

A

Central tendency

51
Q

What are some ways to measure central tendency?

A

mean, median, and mode

52
Q

The _______ is the average of distribution.

A

The mean

53
Q

The ________ is the middle value of ranked distribution.

A

median

54
Q

The ______ is the most frequent number in a distribution set.

A

Mode

55
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate for nominal data?

A. mean
B. median
C. mode

A

mode

56
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate for interval and ratio scaled data but not for ordinal or nominal data?

A. mean
B. median
C. mode

A

mean

57
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate for ordinal data but can be applied to interval and a ratio scale data after it has been converted to a ranked value?

A

Median

58
Q

Which is the preferred measurement of central tendency?

A. mean
B. median
C. mode

A

The median

59
Q

What are the two most commonly used measurements to assess dispersion?

A

variance and standard deviation

60
Q

The ___________ is the square root of the variance?

A

Standard deviation

61
Q

The _________ is the average squared deviation from the mean.

A

variance

62
Q

Solve the squared standard deviation for (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). What is the variance in this data set, and what is the standard deviation?

A

A) Find the mean of the data set = 3
B) Use the mean to subtract each number in the data set; 1 - 3 = -2, 2 - 3 = -1, 3 - 3 = 0, 4 - 3 = 1, and 5 - 3 = 2.
Square root the sums (-2)^2, (-1)^2, (0)^2, (1)^2,(2)^2 = 4, 1, 0, 1, 4
Add the sums = 4+1+0+1+4 = 10
The squared deviation of this data set is 10.

The variance is the squared deviation divided by the numbers in the data set; 10/5 = 2

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance = 1.41 (rounded)

63
Q

When the mean can only be estimated, we must subtract 1 from the number of observations and divided by n-1. What is this method called?

A

The degree of freedom correction.

64
Q

The _________________ measures the relative dispersion from the mean by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.

A

coefficient of variation

65
Q

The variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation are appropriate for what kind of variables?

A

interval and ratio scaled variables

66
Q

A ___________ measures exactly how many standard deviations above or below the mean a data point is.

A

Z-Score

67
Q

The _____________ is the difference in value between 75th percentile and the 25th percentile.

A

Interquartile Range (IQR)

68
Q

What graph is the best way to visualize interquartile data?

A

Box plot (box & whisker plot)

69
Q

The process by which we draw conclusions about the characteristics of a distribution from a sample of data.

A

Statistical inference

70
Q

The mean wage between male and female workers in the same occupation. We may suspect wage inequality. One population is the male workers, the other the female workers. We take a sample with an equal number of each category and compute the average wage. What would be the null hypothesis, one sided hypothesis, and the two sided hypothesis?

A

The null hypothesis would be that the mean wages are equal.

A one-sided alternative hypothesis would be that the male wage is higher.

A two-sided alternative hypothesis would simply state that the wages are different, but say nothing about the direction of the difference.

71
Q

A ___________ usually compares the means of two populations based their sample average.

A

t- test

72
Q

___________ tests the equality of means between two groups.

A

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

73
Q

A medical experiment testing a medication between two groups where one has a placebo group would be an example of what kind of test?

A

ANOVA

74
Q

A ____________ test is measure of fit

A

Chi Square

75
Q

A _______________ measures the strength of linear relationships between two variables

A

correlation coefficient

76
Q

Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that creates unfair outcomes, typically privileging one group of users over others is _____________?

A

Algorithmic bias

77
Q

A digital representation of the built environment or system is a __________?

A

digital twin

78
Q
A

AICP Code of Ethics & Conduct (43 decks)

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