research - quiz #2

Question 1

ANATOMY OF AN ARTICLE

Answer 1

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion/Conclusion
References

Question 2

abstract

Answer 2

summary/ highlight of paper

Question 3

introduction

Answer 3

most references are here

Question 4

methods

Answer 4

“how was the study carried out?”

Question 5

results

Answer 5

“What Happened?” qualitative or quantitative

objective data only - demographics & outcomes analysis - visual presentation of data

Question 6

discussion/ conclusion

Answer 6

“Why does it matter?” authors interpretation of the data

tying results back to research question

Question 7

references

Answer 7

“how does this relate to past research?”

Question 8

SELECTION BIAS

Answer 8

-which articles you select to include in your review
-which subjects are selected to participate in study

Question 9

PUBLICATION BIAS

Answer 9

studies with positive results are more likely to get published

Question 10

HAWTHORNE EFFECT

Answer 10

acting differently because you know you are being watched

Question 11

RECALL BIAS

Answer 11

issue with retrospective studies: people may not recall things accurately
-relying on participant memory

Question 12

STUDY HETEROGENEITY

Answer 12

studies in a lit review are too different to be compared

Question 13

NULL HYPOTHESIS

Answer 13

the idea that your hypothesis will not work
= opposite → strengthen credibility

inferential statistics: disprove the null hypothesis

Question 14

MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

Answer 14

measures central tendency

Question 15

MEAN

Answer 15

average

add them all & divide by number of items
-affected by extremes

Question 16

MEDIAN

Answer 16

the middle number in a set
-less affected by extremes

Question 17

MODE

Answer 17

the number that appears the most
-more useful for categorical data

Question 18

RANGE

Answer 18

distance between the highest and lowest values

Question 19

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN

Answer 19

-describes clinical experiences, thoughts & observations
-can not demonstrate cause & effect
-lack control/comparison group
-can be used to form hypothesis, leading to further investigation

Question 20

TYPES of descriptive study design

Answer 20

Case Study
Case Series
Correlational Study
Qualitative Study

Question 21

EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATORY STUDY DESIGN
(cross-sectional, case-control, cohort)

Answer 21

-evaluates efficiency
-researcher has active role in intervention (controls some variables)
-relationship between exposure & outcome
-ethical considerations as researcher is controlling environments

Question 22

OBSERVATIONAL/ ANALYTICAL EXPLORATORY STUDY DESIGN (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort)

Answer 22

-seeks to establish cause, factors & predictors
-investigator observes what is happening
-relationship between exposure & outcome
-less ethical consideration as exposures & outcomes happen naturally

Question 23

LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY DESIGN

Answer 23

-summarize existing evidence on a topic
*question is posed:
-guidelines are set for which types of research will be included in review
-research is analyzed to see how strong it is
-important; if result repeated, more likely to be true!
= ‘reproducibility’

Question 24

TYPES of lit review study design

Answer 24

Narrative Review
Meta Analysis
Systematic Review

Question 25

P-SCORE/ VALUE NUMBER (#VALUES & MEANING)

Answer 25

-tells odds of getting particular result -based on number of participants in study -if p score small enough, conclude that outcome is not random -less than 5% is key - usually -statistical significance = p<0.05 -rules out CHANCE as possible explanation for outcome

Question 26

FALSE POSITIVE

Answer 26

when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected (alpha) Usual levels: no higher than .05 for alpha

Question 27

FALSE NEGATIVE

Answer 27

when the null hypothesis is falsely accepted (beta) usual levels: no lower than 80% for beta

Question 28

HIGH LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Answer 28

1 = systemic reviews 2 = critically appraised topics 3 = individual articles 4 = randomized controlled trials 5 = cohort studies 6 = case control studies 7 = background information

Question 29

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 29

can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study

Question 30

INTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 30

extent to which observed results represent the truth in population we are studying

Question 31

STATISTICAL VALIDITY

Answer 31

is the statistical analysis properly chosen and used

Question 32

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - external

Answer 32

lack of Randomization, lack of control

Question 33

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - internal

Answer 33

confounds, bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality

Question 34

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - statistical

Answer 34

sample size (power), lack of standardization

Question 35

TYPES OF VALIDITY

Answer 35

-Face: makes sense according to a lay person -Content: makes sense according to an expert -Predictive: properly measures an outcome -Concurrent: results are same as other similar outcomes -Discriminant: scores are high & low as expected -Construct: measures what it is supposed to

Question 36

NOMINAL VARIABLE

Answer 36

= category -can be dichotomous – ie, yes or no -or can have more categories – ie, Blood type (A, B, AB, O)

Question 37

CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

Answer 37

an unmeasured third variable that influences both the supposed cause and the supposed effect -is there another variable that could explain this outcome? Lack of control group “Chicken or the egg” problem – temporal relationship - which came first?

Question 38

CORRELATION

Answer 38

mutual relationship or connection between two or more things *correlation does NOT mean causation

Question 39

RELIABILITY

Answer 39

how consistently a method measures something

Question 40

TYPES of reliability

Answer 40

-Inter-rater: do different raters get the same results -Intra-rater: does the same rater consistently get the same result -Test-Retest: is the same result repeated, time and time again

Question 41

ATTRITION

Answer 41

the loss of study units from a sample = a reduction or decrease in numbers, size, or strength

Question 42

COMPLIANCE

Answer 42

willingly do what they are asked to do patient compliance

Question 43

participant Compliance & Attrition

Answer 43

-adherence should be achievable -intention to treat analysis -includes 'dropouts’ in statistical analysis

Question 44

HETEROGENEITY

Answer 44

signifies diversity/ variability