Research Review

Question 1

EBP process?

Answer 1

1. Formulate a question based on a clinical problem
2. Identify the relevant evidence
3. Evaluate the evidence
4. Implement useful findings
5. Evaluate the outcomes

Question 2

Writing and evidence-based question: 5 types of questions

Answer 2

• Efficacy of an intervention (P-I-C-O)
• Usefulness of an assessment
• Description of a condition
• Prediction of an outcome
• Lived experience of a client

Question 3

Common Research Designs/Methods

Answer 3

Efficacy of an Intervention
Usefulness of an Assessment
Description of a Condition
Prediction of an Outcome
Lived Experience of a Client

Question 4

Efficacy of an Intervention involves

Answer 4

•Randomized controlled trial
•Nonrandomized controlled trials
•Pretest/posttest without a control group
•Single subject design

Question 5

Usefulness of an Assessment involves

Answer 5

• Psychometric methods
• Reliability studies
• Validity studies
• Sensitivity and specificity studies

Question 6

Description of a Condition involves

Answer 6

• Incidence and prevalence studies
• Group comparisons (of existing groups)
• Surveys and interviews

Question 7

Prediction of an Outcome involves methods such as

Answer 7

•Correlational and regression studies
•Cohort studies

Question 8

Lived Experience of a Client methods can involve

Answer 8

•Qualitative studies
•Ethnography
•Phenomenology
•Narrative

Question 9

Types of Research

Answer 9

•Experimental
•Nonexperimental
•Quantitative
•Qualitative
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
•Basic
•Applied

Question 10

Examines cause and effect relationships (sometimes referred to as efficacy, intervention, difference, or group comparison studies)
•RCT (True experiment Level II)
•Nonrandomized controlled trial (Quasiexperimental Level III)
•Pretest/posttest (Pre-experiment Level IV)

Answer 10

Experimental research

Question 11

Cannot determine causal relationships

Can answer descriptive, relationship, and qualitative questions

Common approaches to collect and analyze data include surveys, interviews, observation of behavior, standardized measures, and existing data from medical records

Observational in nature

Answer 11

Non-experimental research

Question 12

Descriptive

Answer 12

group comparison or incidence/prevalence design

Question 13

Relationship question

Answer 13

correlational or predictive design

Question 14

Uses statistics

Describes outcomes in terms of numbers

Deductive reasoning; begins with hypothesis and works down to determine if evidence supports the hypothesis

Centered on testing a hypothesis

Answer 14

Quantitative research

Question 15

Hypothesis is either

Answer 15

Directional or non directional

Question 16

researcher has an assumption or belief in a particular outcome

Answer 16

Directional

Question 17

exploratory, no prior notion about the study results but assumes a difference or relationship exists

Answer 17

Non directional

Question 18

Answers questions about meaning and experience

Uses inductive reasoning; moves from the specific to the general

Provides a more personal and in-depth perspective of the person or situation being studied

Data collected may include photographs, diagrams, etc.

Encompasses several different designs: ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research

Answer 18

Qualitative research

Question 19

Tests theory and/or hypothesis; focus is on confirmation

Answer 19

Quantitative

Question 20

Outside/objective pov

Answer 20

Quantitative

Question 21

Deductive reasoning

Answer 21

Quantitative

Question 22

Data collection is quantifiable, typically standardized measures w/many participants

Answer 22

Quantitative

Question 23

Data analysis is descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 23

Quantitative

Question 24

Evaluation rigor of research involves Reliability and validity; Data accurate? Consistent?

Answer 24

Quantitative

Question 25

Evaluating rigor of research is based on trustworthiness

Answer 25

Qualitative

Question 26

Data analysis involves Identification of themes using text or pictures

Answer 26

Qualitative

Question 27

Data collection is done through Interviews and observations of a few individuals in their natural environments

Answer 27

Qualitative

Question 28

Insider and subjective pov

Answer 28

Qualitative

Question 29

Builds theory and/or explores phenomenon; focus is on discovery

Answer 29

Qualitative

Question 30

data are collected at a single point in time; uses nonexperimental methods; can be observational in nature; descriptive and correlational studies frequently use

Answer 30

Cross-sectional research

Question 31

requires that data be collected over at least two time points and typically covers an extended time period (several years or decades); intended to examine the effects of time (ex. – development, aging, or recovery) on some phenomenon (ex. – cognition, independent living, or language); many longitudinal studies examine naturalistic changes making them observational

Answer 31

Longitudinal research

Question 32

Used to investigate fundamental questions that are directed at better understanding individual concepts

Answer 32

Basic research

Question 33

Has direct application to health care practices

Answer 33

Applied research

Question 34

Both basic and applied together; findings form the laboratory are used to generate clinical research

Answer 34

Translational research

Question 35

Researcher has to decide on whether to accept or reject the research hypothesis based on the p value obtained from the statistical analysis.

Answer 35

Hypothesis Testing

Question 36

If p is less than or equal to 0.05, the hypothesis is

Answer 36

Accepted

Question 37

If p value is greater that 0.05, the hypothesis is

Answer 37

Rejected

Question 38

when the hypothesis is accepted, yet the hypothesis is FALSE False positive

Answer 38

Type 1 error

Question 39

when the hypothesis is rejected, yet the hypothesis is TRUE; sometimes sample size is too small False negative

Answer 39

Type 2 error

Question 40

Characteristics of people, activities, situations, or environments that are identified and/or measured in a study and have more than one value

Answer 40

Variables

Question 41

these are manipulated or compared in a study; with more than one independent variable is included in a study, the study is described as a factorial design

Answer 41

IV

Question 42

these are observed and are intended to measure the result of the manipulation (also know as the outcome or outcome variable)

Answer 42

DV

Question 43

those variables that remain constant; the more control in place, the more confidence that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable

Answer 43

Control variables

Question 44

variables that can influence the outcome of a study; they are tracked and then later examined to determine its influence

Answer 44

Extraneous variables

Question 45

type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent variable, but is also related to the dependent variable

Answer 45

confounding variable

Question 46

Describe the data in a study Provide an analysis of data that helps describe, show, or summarize it in a meaningful way that patterns might emerge from it Include frequencies, frequency distribution, measure of central tendency

Answer 46

Descriptive statistics

Question 47

actual number or count along with a percentage

Answer 47

Frequencies

Question 48

how often something occurs within a given interval on line graphs, histograms, etc.

Answer 48

Frequency distribution

Question 49

Mean, meadian, mode

Answer 49

Measure of central tendency

Question 50

M, x̄ (X Bar)

Answer 50

Mean of a sample

Question 51

M (sd)

Answer 51

Mean and standard deviation of a sample

Question 52

S, sd, σ

Answer 52

Standard deviation of a sample

Question 53

s2

Answer 53

Sample variance/variance of a sample

Question 54

N,n

Answer 54

Number of participants in a study or a number of participants in a group

Question 55

data points are distributed in a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; two halves are mirror images

Answer 55

Normal distribution

Question 56

lack of symmetry in the spread of scores, such that the curve is longer than the others

Answer 56

Skewed distribution

Question 57

Positively Skewed Distribution skews which way?

Answer 57

To the right

Question 58

Negatively Skewed Distribution skews which way?

Answer 58

To the left