Resistance

Question 1

What is an antibacterial or antibiotic

Answer 1

Against bacteria

Question 2

What is an antiviral

Answer 2

Against virus

Question 3

What is an anti parasitic

Answer 3

Against parasite

Question 4

What is an antifungal

Answer 4

Against fungi

Question 5

What is antimicrobial resistance

Answer 5

Microorganism resists antimicrobial reaction (inactive dug)

Question 6

What is an antimicrobial

Answer 6

A chemical which destroys or inhibits the growth of a microorganism

Question 7

Without antibiotics what wouldn’t we be able to do

Answer 7

Gut surgery, chemotherapy, heart surgery, transplant

Question 8

Why is it hard to develop new antibiotics

Answer 8

Economics
EMA/FDA
Non left
Poor investment

Question 9

What are the three types of resistant drugs

Answer 9

Multi drug resistant (MDR)
Extensively drug resistant (XDR)
Pan-drug resistant (PDR)

Question 10

What is the cost of resistant antibiotics

Answer 10

2,5000 Europe deaths
2.5 million avoidable spendatures
€1.5 million costs

Question 11

How do disinfectants kill microbes

Answer 11

. Widespread damage
. Denature proteins
. Disrupt cell membranes
. Oxidising agents
. Indiscriminate

Question 12

How do antibiotics kill microbes

Answer 12

. Selected targets
. Cell wall/DNA 
. Ribosomes
. Synthetic pathway
. Discriminative

Question 13

How do bacteria build resistance

Answer 13

. Receptor sites not allowed 
. Low per ability of membrane means can't enter
. Removed from cells wall via pump
. ABX broken into enzyme 
. Survival of the fittest

Question 14

What are 4 B lactam antibiotics

Answer 14

. Penicillin
. Cephalosporins
. Monobactms
. Carbapenems

Question 15

What are b lactam bacteria

Answer 15

. Stop bacteria wall synthasis by binding to PBPs

. Catalyse terminal stages in development of stable cross links in cell wall

Question 16

How do you treat staph-aures resistance

Answer 16

Penicillin- but 80-90% resistant

. Now flucloxacillin (still not 100%)

Question 17

How is staph aures resistant

Answer 17

. Penicillins se enzyme destroys some b-lactam ABX

. Breaks open the b-lactam ring

Question 18

How is MRSA resistant

Answer 18

. New penicillin protein PBP2A by gene MECA

Question 19

How do you treat MRSA

Answer 19

Venomycin (turn to glycopeptide MAO)

Question 20

How is E. coli and k pneumoniae resistant

Answer 20

. Enterobacteria carry b-lactams

. TEM-1 enzyme break down penicillin and amoxicillin and piperacillin

Question 21

How do you treat e.coli and k.pneumoniae resistance

Answer 21

. Cephalosporins (2nd and 3rd gen)

Question 22

How is Cephalosporin resistant

Answer 22

. Extended spectrum b-lactamsse ESBL mutated classical b-lactamase

Question 23

How do you treat resistant cephalosporin

Answer 23

CTX-M - iv Carbapenems

Question 24

What are three resistant treatments for e.coli

Answer 24

Penicillin/amoxicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

Question 25

What has neisseria gonorrhoea resistant to

Answer 25

Penicillin (40s) Ciproflaxin(2002) Cephalosporins (2005)

Question 26

What is the only treatment for neisseria gonorrhoea

Answer 26

Ceftiaxone and azirhronmycin (2015 resistant outbreak)

Question 27

How do you avoid resistance

Answer 27

Only use when there's evidence, the right drug and duration, when it's not a virus

Question 28

How is CDIF caused

Answer 28

. Resistant ABX which are carried on plasmids (bacteriamases, PBPs, ABX modifying enzyme, effluix pumps) . Transfer - conjugation in GI tract . Upset of normal flora