Resits 2019/2020 Flashcards
(54 cards)
What blood test results would you expect for someone with Addison’s?
Decreased Na Increased K Hypoglycaemia
What is amaurosis fugax?
A variant of retinal artery occlusion a.k.a. transient CRAO
Symptoms:
- transient painless visual loss
- “like a curtain coming down”
- lasts 5mins with full recovery
Signs:
- usually nothing abnormal to see on examination
Urgent referral stroke clinic
What is the difference between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure?
simply
hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillaries
oncotic pressure pulls fluid into capillaries
What are the potential side effects of Methotrexate?
- teratogenic
- pneumonitis/ lung fibrosis
- hepatotoxicity
- myelotoxicity
- rashes and mouth ulcers
What are the potential side effects for sulfasalazine?
- hepatotoxicity
- myelotoxicity
- rash
- reversible oligozoospermia
What are the potential side effects of azathioprine?
- hepatotoxicity
- myelotoxicity
- agranulocytosis
What are the potential side effects of gold?
- Glomerulonephritis
What are the potential side effects of hydroxychloroquine?
- Irreversible retinopathy
What are the potential side effects of anti-TNF?
- Reactivation of TB
- Increased susceptibility to infection
- Increased risk of skin cancer
What would you do for suspected endopthalmitis?
Vitreous/aqueous fluid sample for culture
What does the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland produce?
mineralocorticoids
e.g. aldosterone
What does the zona fasiculata of the adrenal gland produce?
corticosteroids
e.g. cortisol
What hormones does the zona reticularis of the adrenal glands produce?
androgens
e.g. testosterone pre-cursor
What does the medulla of the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
Where would you expect to find a venous ulcer?
Venous ulcers tend to affect the lateral or medial malleolus
Where would you expect to find an arterial ulcer?
Arterial ulcers tend to occur on the foot or mid-shin
Do arterial ulcers get compression bandages?
NO
What is Breslow’s thickness?
The depth from the granular layer of the epidermis to the deepest melanoma cell
Describe erythema multiforme
Erythema multiforme is a rash of target lesions
- v. variable severity
- many underlying causes
- viral or bacterial infections
- drugs
- sarcoidosis
- etc
*
Describe Steven-Johnsons syndrome
SJS is a severe form of erythema multiforme with dermal changes and blister formation which can affect mouth, eyes, bronchial tree etc
The causes are the same as for erythema multiforme so:
- viral or bacterial infections
- drugs
- sarcoidosis
Describe toxic epidermal necrolysis
TEN is usually a drug reaction (but not always)
Widespread blistering results in large sheets of epidermis sloughing off
Can affect mouth and eyes
and has a significant mortality rate
Describe staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
SSS syndrome is due to a toxic disrupting adhesin mechanism in the epidermis and also results in widespread superficial skin blistering and sloughing
The underlying staphlycoccal infection maybe minor
Describe the relationship between growth factor and insulin-like growth-factor-1
GH is released from pituitary when stimulated by GHRH (from hypothalamus). Somatostatin has an inhibitory effect on GH release.
GH then can act directly e.g. on adipose tissue
or indirectly by going to the liver and causing release of IGF-1
the majority of growth promoting effects are actually due to IGF-1 acting on cells
What is the treatment for closed angle glaucoma>
- Medically reduce IOP with pilocarpine
- Peripheral iridectomy done once IOP medically reduced
- a small piece of iris removed in both eyes to allow free circulation of movement
