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resource managment Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

3 main resources

A

food, water, energy

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2
Q

What are food miles

A

the miles your food travels to get to you (from field to plate)

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3
Q

What you carbon footprint

A

our carbon footprint is the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to our actions.

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4
Q

what is malnourishment

A

when people don’t have the right balance of nutrients.

  • May limit children’s development
  • Increases likelihood of getting ill
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5
Q

what is energy needed for

A

Industry
Transport
Homes

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6
Q

what does electricity do for development

A

Electricity allows a country to develop industry creating jobs and wealth

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7
Q

how much electricity do HICs need

A

depend on large supplies

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8
Q

what is NEEs and LICs use instead of electricity

A

LICs and NEEs use other resources like burning wood (can lead to local deforestation) and kerosene stoves (release harmful fuels)

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9
Q

Why do people need water

A

People need clean, safe water for cooking, drinking, washing, produce clothing and food

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10
Q

What happens without proper water sanitation

A

Without proper sanitation water sources can get polluted - water borne disease kills many people

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11
Q

Describe global distribution

A

Uneven
Dry environments are not suitable for food production
Importing is expensive
Consumption of resources depends on country’s wealth and resource availability

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12
Q

Consumption of resources for HICs

A

Consumption is GREATER - afford to buy

Import

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13
Q

Consumption of resources for LICs

A

Consumption is LOWER - can’t afford to buy
EXPLOIT resources
IMPORT lacking resources

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14
Q

Consumption of resources for NEEs

A

Consumption is INCREASING RAPIDLY

Wealth is INCREASING

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15
Q

describe food provision in the uk

A

Food consumption and food miles have increased as our population has increased

There is a strong demand for unseasonal food and variety

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16
Q

high-value foods

A

Incomes increased = increase in exotic fruits, vegetables, spices, coffee
Often exported from LICs

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17
Q

seasonal products

A

Only available during growing season

Imported to meet demands all year round

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18
Q

carbon footprint relating to food

A

Growing, processing and packaging of food produced CO2
Food miles = more CO2
People are looking for locally sourced goods to reduce their carbon footprint

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19
Q

What is agribusiness, pros and cons

A

Large scale industrial farming

Pro of agribusiness
More food so they get more money
Con of agribusiness
Worst quality food, high investment so it’s risky

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20
Q

Importing food, Social, economic, environmental and political

A

Social:
Farmers who switch from subsistence farming to commercial farming make more money due to the high demand of food = reduces the amount of food produced for local people, they have to import expensive food.
If food prices go down, farmers might not earn enough money to make a living.
If farmers get more customers they will be able to spend more money, benefiting their quality of life

Economic:
Poverty cycle. It is very hard to get out of the poverty cycle as you borrow more money to pay off debt but by borrowing money you are creating more debt.
Vicious cycle
Rural debt
Famers get more money because there is a higher demand for food.

Environmental:
Increased food miles
More farming will increase carbon footprint
Marginal land - increased degradation
A wide range of food is available
Out of season products – it may be more environmentally friendly to import food items rather than use home produced food.

Political:
lots of water is needed to produce lots of food, some countries with a low rainfall face water shortages as food demand increases.

tension between countries that use the same water source.

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21
Q

why do we need more water in the uk

A

Population growth
Hygiene habits
Farming practices - water intensive
Homes
Heating
Water intensive appliances (washing machines, dishwashers)
Climate change - as temperature increases we need more water
Fertilisers leaching nitrates into the supplies making water unsafe to drink from

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22
Q

what is water supply

A

the provision of water by individuals, communities, public bodies or companies.

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23
Q

what is water demand

A

the quantity of water required to meet people’s needs

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24
Q

what are water transfer schemes

A

move water via pipe or truck from areas of supply to areas of demand.

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25
what is water surplus
Water surplus is when there is more supply of water then needed.
26
what is water deceit
Water deficits occur when water demand exceeds supply.
27
what is water stress
Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period.
28
effects of water transfer
The effects of water transfer are: river habitats need to be protected, high cost, greenhouse gases are released when pumping water over long distances.
29
patterns for water stress in uk
These patterns account for the pattern of water stress as highly populated places such as London have moderate rainfall meaning there is water stress in these areas. Scotland is a low populated area and has very high rainfall meaning there is water surplus.
30
how do we manage water quality
We can: Monitor the quality of river water Filter water to remove sediment Purify water by adding chlorine Restrict recreational use of water sources Impose strict regulations on the use of water
31
why is water management needed ?
Water management is needed as it helps keep our water safe. Water management is the regard to completing demands for water and seeks to allocate it equally to satisfy all uses and demands.
32
3 main energy sources
coal, oil, gas
33
Describe how the UK's energy mix has changed
In 1990 ¾ of the UK’s energy came from coal with the rest mostly coming from nuclear. These are non-renewable energy sources meaning they are bad for the environment. In 2007 there was a mix of coal, gas and nuclear energy being used. These are still all non-renewable resources. However in 2014 we were much more aware about what we are using. There were other resources like solar and wind energy becoming more popular. About ⅓ of energy was coming from coal and 2/4 coming from nuclear and gas. ⅙ of energy is used from renewable energy. Overall there has been a change in the energy mix. Oil has been taken out of the mix. Gas has become more popular over the years as well as renewable energy.
34
what is fracking
The process of drilling down into the earth and then a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside.
35
what are fossil fuels
fuels derived from the remains of dead plants and animals. Coal, oil and gas. Non-renewable (finite).
36
what is non-renewable energy
can’t be used again, finite
37
what is renewable energy
can be used again, infinite. E.g wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal
38
what is energy mix
the sources, ways and proportion we use to obtain the energy and needs a country has
39
what is energy security
secure sufficient and affordable energy supplies
40
what is energy conversation
reducing energy consumption by using less energy and existing resources more efficiently
41
economic issues with extraction of fossil fuels:
- expensive extracting and producing - money is needed for research (shale gas - initial investment) - the cost to consumer for nuclear and renewable energy is high - domestic sources don't currently provide enough energy to meet demand so uk pays more to import energy
42
environmental issues with extraction of fossil fuels:
- burning of fossil fuels release CO2 and other greenhouse gases - fracking may pollute underwater and cause mini earthquakes - accidents can leak toxic chemicals - natural ecosystems can be damaged - power stations and wind frames are considered as eyesores
43
How much food does North America and East Asia produce
a lot
44
How much food does central America and Africa produce
small amounts
45
food intake of HICs
- they eat a lot - they can afford to import large variety - people have high income so can buy more - e.g USA
46
food intake of LICs
- consume less food - less food is available - can't afford as much - e.g Ethiopia
47
food intake of NEEs
- consuming more as their wealth increases | - e.g China
48
What is food security
when people are able to eat enough nutritious food to stay healthy and active
49
What is food insecurity
when people can't get enough food to stay healthy and active
50
why is food consumption in the world increasing?
1. rising population 2. Economic development - more income to spend on food, can afford to import all year round, agriculture
51
Physical factors that affect food production and accessibility
Climate - unsuitable for farming Water stress- areas with low rainfall struggle to grow Pests and disease - pests reduce yield, disease damage crops
52
Human factors that affect food production and accessibility
Poverty - don't own land, can't afford to import Technology - new technologies can increase yield, increase productivity Conflict - difficult to import, damage to agricultural land, unsafe to farm etc. Population growth - more people = more food
53
Food insecurity can lead to....
``` famine undernutrition soil erosion - overgrazing, over using rising prices social unrest deforestation - strip soil ```
54
what does irrigation involve
involves artificially watering the land. It can be used to make dry areas more productive increase number of harvests and yield
55
three main types of irrigation
gravity flow sprinklers drip systems
56
technologies to increase food production
irrigation hydroponics and aeroponics biotechnology appropriate technology
57
what is hydroponics
Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without using soil. Hydroponic flowers, herbs, and vegetables are planted in inert growing media and supplied with nutrient-rich solutions, oxygen, and water. This system fosters rapid growth, stronger yields, and superior quality.
58
what is aeroponics
a plant-cultivation technique in which the roots hang suspended in the air while nutrient solution is delivered to them in the form of a fine mist. - nutrient mist
59
what is biotechnology
involves genetically engineered crops to improve production. GM crops can be designed to have higher yields, resistance, higher nutrients value
60
what is appropriate technology
choosing ways of increasing food production that are suited to the local environment e.g mechanical pumps, local materials
61
negative impacts of industrial agriculture
pollutes water ( chemical pesticides), makes soil less productive, uses 70% of world's water supply
62
what is organic farming
Organic farming can be defined as a system of management and agricultural production that combines a high level of biodiversity with environmental practices that preserve natural resources and has rigorous standards for animal welfare
63
what is permaculture
produces food in a way that recreates natural ecosystems to protect soil, insects and other wildlife
64
what is urban farming initiatives
using empty land, rooftops, balconies to grow food
65
explain meat and fish sustainability
fish are overfished due to increase consumption. Sustainable fishing involves limits on how much you can fish sustainable meat involves feeding animals local produce
66
3 ways to be sustainable with food
sustainable fish and meat sources seasonal food consumption reduced waste and loses
67
what is water insecurity
not having enough clean water
68
where is there water insecurity
areas of low rainfall and high population density e.g Mexico
69
where is their water security
areas with high rainfall , low population density e.g Brazil
70
global demand for water is rising due to....
rising population, economic development
71
physical factors affecting water security
climate, geology
72
human factors affecting water security
over-abstraction polluted water sources limited infrastructure poverty
73
water insecurity can lead to...
pollution and disease reduced food production conflict reduced industrial output
74
ways water supply can be increased
dams and reservoirs - store water diversion - redivert to location water transfer - - move to area of deceit desalination - removes salt from seawater so it can be used
75
examples of sustainable water supply
water conservation - using less water groundwater management - not removed faster than it is replaced recycling water - from homes to plants 'grey' water - reused immediately without treatment
76
what is energy security
having a reliable affordable supply of energy
77
countries with large energy reserves
iran - oil china, Australia - coal uk, russia - oil and gas
78
countries with little energy reserves
ireland, sudan
79
energy in wealthy countries
they consume a lot and have more access because they can afford it
80
energy in poor countries
consume less, less dependent, less available
81
energy surplus
more energy than requires
82
energy deceit (insecurity)
less than required
83
3 reasons why global demand for energy is increasing
rising population economic development technological advances
84
physical factors that affect energy supply
- global distribution is unequal - fossil fuels are non-renewable - location of fossil fuels - climate - natural disasters
85
technological factors that affect energy supply
- possible to exploit new resources - easier to exploit existing resources - some countries can't afford technology
86
economic factors that affect energy supply
- non-renewable energy is more expensive - prices of fossil fuels can vary (countries might not always be able to afford with changing prices) - too expensive to exploit - building new energy infrastructure is expensive
87
political factors that affect energy supply
- political instability - climate change - concerns over safety
88
environmental and economic impacts of energy insecurity
- fossil fuels are used up, less access, more environmentally sensitive to exploit - increase in cost - damage to environment
89
food production impacts of energy insecurity
- can limit how many agricultural machines can be used - demand for cleaner and cheaper energy - growing biofuel crops takes up land
90
industrial output impacts of energy insecurity
- energy shortages and higher costs reduce output | - higher costs are passed on to consumer
91
potential conflict impacts of energy insecurity
- political instability when demand exceeds supply | - conflict between countries with surplus and deceit
92
types of renewable energy
``` solar hydro geothermal tidal wave wind biomass ```
93
examples of non-renewable energy
fossil fuels - supply can increase by looking for new reserves nuclear - can generate large amounts of energy from a small amount of fuel
94
advantages of fracking
- lots of shale gas available in the uk - increases uk's energy security - gas is less polluting - cheaper than some other fossil fuels
95
disadvantages of fracking
- not a sustainable source risks of polluting groundwater - uses lots of water
96
what is sustainable energy
sustainable energy provides energy today without preventing future from meeting their energy needs
97
3 ways energy use can be reduced
``` sustianable design - insulation - solar panels transport - switching for electric - biofuel demand reduction - giving people incentive to lower their energy use - improving public transport - encourage walking or cycling smart energy meters using technology to increase efficiency - energy saving light bulbs - hybrid cars ```
98
indus drainage basin
Water resources in Pakistan are based on the flows of the Indus River. Some tributaries include: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej. The Indus River has a total length of 2900 km and a drainage area of ∼966,000 km2 The Indus Basin Irrigation system is an irrigation system that provides water for over 1,600,000 km squared of Pakistan's agricultural land. It is the largest irrigation system in the world. The Indus Basin Irrigation system is so important as it provides water for 90% of Pakistan's food production.
99
advantages and disadvantages of indus drainage basin
Advantages: Improves water security making 40% more land available for cultivation People’s diets have improved as a greater range of food products have become available Irrigation has increased Disadvantages: High water levels leading to waterlogging Some farmers take an unfair amount of water Water is wasted Population increases meaning there will be a higher demand to water in the future Pakistan has benefited from IBIS as: - It has improved food security - It has supplied more water, providing water for 90% of food production in Pakistan - Irrigation has increased crop yields
100
Makueni Food and Water Security Programme
The Makueni Food and Water Security Programme includes: Improves access to clean, safe water Having a rainwater tank on the school roof Improving food security by providing enough water for crops to grow A training programme to support local farmers Growing trees to reduce soil erosion How has the Makueni programme increased the community’s food security and benefited the community? Crops yields have increased Water-borne diseases have been decreased Schools now have clean water Less time wasted fetching water, more time for school

geog (4 decks)

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