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Resources Flashcards

1
Q

When did the first processed materials appear

A

16th Century

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2
Q

2 Most abundant elements in the universe

A

Hydrogen then Helium

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3
Q

Most abundant elements in earths crust

A

Oxygen, silicon, Aluminium

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4
Q

Info about crust and its elements

A

Elements are not evenly distributed, Heavier elements tended to sink under gravity. Lighter minerals in the crust.

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5
Q

Most elements are found as…

A

Minerals ( usually sulphides or oxides)

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6
Q

Two mechanisms in mineral formation

A

Dissolution and precipitation

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7
Q

How are small crystallites formed

A

Rapid Cooling i.e. Under sea volcano sites

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8
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

Sands, gravels, and clays from erosion or mechanical breakdown or rock.

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9
Q

Materials in cement

A

Limestone and Clay

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10
Q

What is the cooled cement mixture ground with?

A

Calcium Sulphate

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11
Q

Fine layer of needle like crystals of ___ , forms after 10 mins of cement hydration

A

Ettringite

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12
Q

How was hoover dam cooled?

A

Using Colorado river as a coolant

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13
Q

What are clays made from?

A

Fine sedimentary particles from weathered rocks. Formed by acidic chemical attack on igneous rocks by rain water weathering

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14
Q

How does ZrO2 help toughening ceramics?

A

When material gets damaged it switched to bulkier form and propagation of the crack is prevented

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15
Q

How can you control failure in ceramics?

A

Lower number of pores or inclusions,
Transformation toughening,
Ceramic fibre composites

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16
Q

Main ingredient in glass?

A

SiO2 (Sand), Trona was used in early glass.

17
Q

What is modern glass made of?

A

Limestone, dolomite, soda ash

18
Q

What lowers the melting point in the initial glass reaction?

A

Soda Ash

19
Q

What is molten glass drawn out onto?

A

Molten tin bath

20
Q

How is glass relieve of its stress after cooling?

A

Annealed at 200°C

21
Q

How is glass cut?

A

Using computer controlled diamond cutters

22
Q

How to overcome mechanical weakness of glass?

A

Lower the defects and pores,
Laminate with polymer layers,
Include metal grid between layers

23
Q

Explain Copper Electrolysis

A

blister copper dissolves at anode and is reduced at cathode. In CuS04 solution for electrolyte

24
Q

Tin usage

A

Tin cans prevent corrosion of iron.
Make alloys with copper,
Oxide used as pigments for paints

25
Q

How is iron extracted?

A

Blast furnace, 40m high steel tower lined with refractory bricks. Air blasted in at base, coke burns releasing heat and CO2, CO2 is reduced to CO which reduces the ore into Pig Iron.

26
Q

Pig Iron

A

Very brittle because of impurities, these are lowered by beating and open hearth processes

27
Q

Wrought Itron

A

Puddling removes impurities,
Hitting with hammer drives out slag,
More malleable, less hard

28
Q

How is Aluminium acquired

A

Caustic soda is added to Bauxite ore which causes aluminium to dissolve. It’s then re-precipitated by adding acid

29
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When a metal reacts with oxygen and water to form a metal oxide

30
Q

Galvanising

A

Use of zinc as sacrificial anode to passivate corrosion

31
Q

Alloying

A

Steel with Chromium as chrome oxidises more preferentially to Iron,

32
Q

Extrusion

A

Beads are melted and forced through a die, die shape indicates product

33
Q

Blow moulding

A

Hollow tube of polymer goes through mould, air forces plastic to the shape of mould.

34
Q

Injection Moulding

A

Molten plastic forced into mould under pressure, mould formed in two halves.

35
Q

Making thing plastic sheets

A

Pressurised plastic tube is heated and blows out like a balloon, balloon is collapsed and trimmed into two layers

36
Q

Methods of plastic moulding

A

Extruding, Blow moulding, Injection moulding, Thin plastic sheets

Materials (5 decks)

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