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Question 1

What nervous system governs the intrinsic tone of the airways?

Answer 1

Parasympathetic (autonomic)

Question 2

What neurotransmitter is involved in parasympathetic innervation of the airways?

Answer 2

Acetylcholine

Question 3

What nervous system constricts the airways and what neurotransmitter is used?

Answer 3

Parasympathetic and acetylcholine

Question 4

What nervous system has an indirect influence on the airways?

Answer 4

Sympathetic?

Question 5

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the airways?

Answer 5

Dilation

Question 6

How does the sympathetic NS effect the airways?

Answer 6

Stimulates medulla of adrenal gland to release adrenaline (epinephrine) which travels via the blood to the airways

Question 7

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

Answer 7

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 8

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 8

Alpha and Beta

Question 9

In the airways what receptor does acetylcholine bind to?

Answer 9

M3

Question 10

In the airways what receptor does noradrenaline bind to?

Answer 10

Beta-2

Question 11

What effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the airways?

Answer 11

Constriction

Question 12

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 12

Forced exhaled volume after normal breath out

Question 13

At what level does do the lungs cross the mid-clavicular line?

Answer 13

6th rib

Question 14

At what level do the lungs cross the mid-axillary line?

Answer 14

8th rib

Question 15

At what levels is there lateral displacement of the left lung due to the heart?

Answer 15

Ribs 4-6

Question 16

At 5cm from the midline posteriorly, what level is the lung as?

Answer 16

10th rib

Question 17

What is the purpose of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 17

Trachea above 1st rib - Stop airway collapse in inspiration. Below 1st rib - Stop collapse in forced expiration

Question 18

Do the cartilages of trachea and bronchi have muscles and if so why?

Answer 18

Yes to alter their diameter

Question 19

In which bronchi is an inhaled peanut likely to end up and why?

Answer 19

Right as its a straighter path

Question 20

If you are asked to listen to the upper lobe of a patients lung where would you put the stethoscope?

Answer 20

Anteriorly upper chest wall. Above oblique fissure

Question 21

If you are asked to listen to the right middle lobe of a patients lung where would you put the stethoscope?

Answer 21

5th intercostal space. Right of sternum

Question 22

How far does the lung project above the clavicle?

Answer 22

2 fingers above medial clavicle

Question 23

Name abdominal organs the lungs overlap

Answer 23

Liver, spleen, upper poles of kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach

Question 24

How do you distinguish pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and bronchi at the hilum of lung

Answer 24

Bronchus has cartilage. Pulmonary artery is thicker walled and usually superior. Pulmonary vein is thinner walled and usually inferior

Question 25

Name 3 structures other than arteries, veins and bronchi at the hilum of lung

Answer 25

Bronchial artery, lymphatics and sympathetic nerves

Question 26

What are the contents of the intercostal space?

Answer 26

Intercostal artery, vein and nevre

Question 27

What are the different parts of a rib?

Answer 27

Head, neck, tubercle and shaft

Question 28

What connects the ribs to each other?

Answer 28

Intercostal muscles

Question 29

To which bones do the ribs articulate with at the back?

Answer 29

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 30

Which vertebrae lie in the same horizontal plane as the sternal angle?

Answer 30

T4

Question 31

Which rib articulates at the sternal angle?

Answer 31

2nd

Question 32

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

How does expiration take place?

Answer 33

Passive elastic recoil

Question 34

What are the surface markings of the apex of the lung?

Answer 34

2 fingers / 3cm above medial clavicle

Question 35

What are the surface markings of the lower border of the lung?

Answer 35

Anteriorly 6th rib, mid-axillary 8th rib and posteriorly 10th rib

Question 36

What are the surface markings of the lower border of the pleural cavity?

Answer 36

Anteriorly 8th rib, mid-axillary 10th rib and posteriorly 12th rib

Question 37

What are the surface markings of the oblique fissure?

Answer 37

Along 5th rib (4th @ back and 6th @ front)

Question 38

What are the surface marking of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 38

4th rib