Resp Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are the common viruses found in childhood respiratory infections?
Viruses account for 80-90 percent of childhood respiratory infections
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Rhinovirus
- Parainfluenza
- Adenoviruses
What are the common bacteria found in childhood respiratory infections?
- Streptococcus Pneumoniae
- Haemophilus Influenza
- Bordetella Pertussis
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Risk factors for respiratory infection?
- Parental smoking, especially maternal
- Poor socio-economic status
- Poor Nutrition
- Underlying lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia prems, CF or Asthma
- Male
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Immunodeficiency
Common presentation of URTI?
Nasal Discharge and blockage, fever, painful throat and earache, cough.
Could cause –> difficulty in feeding, febrile convulsions, acute exacerbations of asthma
What organisms normally found in pharyngitis (sore throat)?
adenovirus, enterovirus and rhinovirus
In older children, group A beta haemolytic streptococcus is a common pathogen
What organisms normally cause tonsillitis?
group A beta-hemolytic strep and Epstein Barr virus
How to differentiate viral or bacterial tonsillitis?
Not clinically possible to distinguish
However constitutional disturbances such as headcahe, apathy and abdominal pain, white tonsillar exudate and cervical lymphadenopathy, is more common with bacterial infection
At what age is Acute Otitis Media most commonly seen?
6-12 months
Eustachian tubes are short, horizontal and function poorly
Tympanic membrane commonly will appear bright red and bulging, occasionally with pus visible
What are the indications for a Tonsilliectomy and Adenoidectomy?
Tonsillectomy - recurrent severe tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, obstructive sleep apnoea
Adenoidectomy - recurrent otitis media with effusion with hearing loss
Treatment option in severe Otitis Media?
insertions of grommet, which are ventilation tubes
or
adenoidectomy
What are the characteristics of Laryngeal or Tracheal infections?
- Stridor
- Hoarseness (inflammation of vocal cords)
- Barking of a Sea Lion
- Dyspnoea
2 ways to assess severity of Laryngeal and Tracheal Infections?
- Chest Retraction (none, only on crying, at rest)
2. Stridor (none, only on crying, at rest or biphasic)
What is the medical term for Croup?
Laryngotracheobronchitis
What are common indicators of Croup?
Occurs commonly between 6 months and 6 years old ( peak incidence at 2 years)
often preceded by fever and coryza
symptoms starts and are worse at night
95% of time it is Viral
Treatment of Croup?
Oral Dexamethasone
Oral Prednisolone
adrenaline
oxygen
How is bacterial tracheitis (pseudomembranous croup) different from Viral Croup?
Higher fever, appears toxic, copious airway obstruction
caused by Staph Aureus
What organism is responsible for Acute Epiglottis?
H. Influenza
Characteristics of Acute Epiglottitis?
High-fever, painful throat ( can’t speak or swallow = drools), soft insp stridor, rapidly increasing resp difficulty
Child is immobile, upright with open mouth
What organism causes whooping cough?
Bordetella Pertussis
How does whooping cough present?
starts with a week of coryza
followed by a paroxysmal cough and then a inspiratory wheeze
epistaxis and subconjuctival hemorrhage can occur
Complications include - penumonia, convulsions and bronchiectasis
What antibiotic is used as treatment for whooping cough?
Azithromycin
What are signs of Respiratory Distress?
Increased breathing rate - If your child’s breathing rate increases, this may indicate that she is having trouble breathing or not getting enough oxygen.
Color changes - A bluish color around your child’s mouth, on the inside of her lips or on her fingernails may occur when she is not getting enough oxygen. Her skin may also appear pale or gray.
Grunting - You may hear a grunting sound each time your child exhales. The grunting is her body’s way of trying to keep air in the lungs so they will stay open.
Noseflaring - If your child’s nostrils spread open while she breathes, she may be having to work harder to breathe.
Retractions - our child’s chest will appear to sink in just below the neck or under his breastbone with each breath. This is another way of trying to bring more air into her lungs.
Sweating - There may be an increase of sweat on your child’s head, but without his skin feeling warm to the touch. More often, his skin will feel cool or clammy. This may happen when his breathing rate is very fast.
Wheezing - If you hear a tight, whistling or musical sound each time your child breathes, this may indicate that the air passages are smaller, which makes it harder to breathe.
What organism is most commonly seen in bronchiolitis?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus 80%
dual infection with RSV and Human Metapneumovirus is associated with severe bronchiolitis
What age group are most affected by bronchiolitis?
90% in 1-9 months
