Resp I

Question 1

conducting zone

Answer 1

anatomic dead space

no exchange

cartilage and goblet cell - to end of bronchi

pseudostratified ciliated columnar cell - to beginning of terminal bronchioles - then cuboidal

Question 2

respiratory zone

Answer 2

gas exchange

cuboidal in resp bronchioles

simple squamous alveoli

cilia terminated resp bronchioles

Question 3

type I pneumocte

Answer 3

line alveoli

• squamous
• gas echange

Question 4

law of laplace

Answer 4

alveoli higher tendency to collapse as get smaller

Question 5

type II pneumocyte

Answer 5

secrete surfactant
stem cells

cuboidal and clostered

Question 6

surfactant maturity

Answer 6

lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio greater than 2

Question 7

club cell

Answer 7

clara cell

noncilited - columnar/cuboidal

secretory granules

secrete component of surfactant

• degrade toxins
• reserve cells

Question 8

lung lobes

Answer 8

left 3
left 2 and lingula - homolog right middle

right main stem bronchus - foreign object - wider and vertical

Question 9

aspiration

Answer 9

upright - lower portion right inferior lobe

supine - superior right inferior lobe

Question 10

diaphragm structures

Answer 10

I ate ten eggs at 12.

IVC - T8
esophagus - T10
aorta - T12

Question 11

trachea bifurcation

Answer 11

T4

Question 12

carotid birurcation

Answer 12

C4

Question 13

aorta bifurcation

Answer 13

L4

Question 14

lung volume

Answer 14

IRV - TV - ERV with normal breathing

RV - after max expiration
IC - IRV + TV
FRC - RV + ERV - all below tidal volume
VC - IRV + TV + ERV - max inspired and expired

total lung capacity - TLC
TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV

Question 15

physiologic dead space

Answer 15

anatomic + alveolar dead space

apex - largest alveolar dead space

Vd = Vt x (PaCO2 - PECO2) / PaCO2

Question 16

minute ventilation

Answer 16

volume gas enter lung per minute

Question 17

at functional residual capacity

Answer 17

low end of tidal volume

system pressure is atmospheric

airway and alveolar P = zero

and intrapleural - is negative

Question 18

compliance

Answer 18

change in volume with change in pressure

• decreased - pulm fibrosis, pneumonia, edema
• increased - emphysema, aging

Question 19

fetal Hb

Answer 19

2a 2 gamma

Question 20

HbA

Answer 20

2a 2B
taut - deox form - low affinity O2
R relaxed - high affinity for O2

Question 21

Cl, H, CO2, 2,3 BPG, high temp

Answer 21

favor taut form over relaxed

shift dissociation curve right - more unloading

Question 22

tx methemoglobin

Answer 22

methylene blue

Question 23

methemoglobin

Answer 23

Fe3 - low O2 - affinity for cyanide - ferric

Fe2 - ferrous - high O2 affinity

Question 24

tx cyanide poisoning

Answer 24

induce methemoglobin

-nitrite followed by thiosulfate

Question 25

carboxyHb

Answer 25

bound CO left shift O2 dissociation curve -less unloading tx - 100% O2

Question 26

sigmoid dissociation O2 curve

Answer 26

bc 4 binding site | -higher affinity for each O2 bound

Question 27

linear dissociation O2 curve

Answer 27

for myoglobin | -bc bas single O2 - monomeric

Question 28

HbF

Answer 28

high affinity O2 | -shift curve left

Question 29

O2 content of blood

Answer 29

(O2 binding capacity x % saturation) + dissolved O2

Question 30

CO poisoning O2 content

Answer 30

low O2 content normal Hb normal dissolved O2 - PaO2 low % sat Hb - CO compete with O2

Question 31

anemia O2 content

Answer 31

low O2 content low Hb normal % O2 sat of Hb normal PaO2

Question 32

polycythemia O2 content

Answer 32

high O2 content elevated Hb normal % sat Hb normal PaO2

Question 33

pulmonary circulation regulation

Answer 33

hypoxia - low PAO2 - vasoconstriction blood to well ventialted region o lung

Question 34

perfusion limited

Answer 34

healthy O2, CO2, N2O gas equilibrate early along length of capillary diffusion increase increase if blood flow increase

Question 35

diffusion limited

Answer 35

O2 - emphysema and fibrosis, CO gas does not equilibrate by end of capillary

Question 36

pulmonary wedge pressure

Answer 36

left atrium pressure

Question 37

pulm vasc resistance

Answer 37

inverse to radius ~4

Question 38

A-a gradient

Answer 38

normal - 10-15 mmHg elevated - with hypoxemia - shunt, V/Q mismatch, fibrosis

Question 39

hypoxemia

Answer 39

low PaO2 normal A-a gradient -high altitude, hypoventilation high A-a gradient -V/Q mismatch, diffusion limitation, R to L shunt

Question 40

hypoxia

Answer 40

low O2 to tissue low CO hypoxemia anemia CO poisoning

Question 41

ischemia

Answer 41

low blood flow low arterial flow impaired vein drainage