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resp physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the residual volume

A

A volume of gas always present in the body to keep the alveoli partially inflated so they are partially stretched which makes them easier to fill - the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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2
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

the maximum capacity of air that can be voluntarily moved

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3
Q

What is dead space volume

A

The air sitting in the upper respiratory conducting airways - not viable for gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the tidal volume

A

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs every breath

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5
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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6
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

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7
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What is the total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity + the residual volume

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9
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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11
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second

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12
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity - forced expiratory volume in one breath

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13
Q

What is the parietal pleura attached to

A

The rib cage

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14
Q

What is the visceral pleura attached to

A

The lungs

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15
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid

A

It allows the two membranes to glide across each other while preventing them from separating

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16
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalene

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17
Q

What are the muscles of expiration

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

Expiration is a passive process but if we want to force expiration, these muscles are used

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18
Q

Describe breathing with regards to the diaphragm during inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts which pushes it down and increases the thoracic volume which therefore reduces the pressure

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19
Q

Describe expiration with regards to the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm relaxes which pushes it up, therefore decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

What nerve innervates the motor function of the diaphragm

A

The phrenic nerve

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21
Q

What way do the external intercostal muscle fibres run

A

as you go proximally the fibres run inferiorly

Imagine putting hands into pockets

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22
Q

What way do internal intercostal muscle fibres run

A

As you go proximally, the fibres run superiorly

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23
Q

What is the intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure

A

Pressure inside thoracic cavity - essentially in lungs

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24
Q

What is the intra-pleural plessure

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity - usually negative compared to the atmospheric pressure

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25
What is the transpulmonary pressure
Difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure - usually positive since the intra-pleural pressure is negative
26
What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells
Gas exchange
27
What is the function of type II alveolar cells
Produces surfactant
28
What is the function of surfactant
Reduces surface tension on the alveolar surface membrane which reduces the risk for alveoli collapsing
29
Explain surface tension with regards to alveoli
The air needs to be in solution before it can leave the alveoli - the water droplets are attracted to other droplets outside the alveoli which creates a force around the alveoli which can cause it to collapse - surfactants block this effect by getting between the water droplets
30
What is a high compliance in the lungs
Large increase in lung volume for small change in intra-pleural pressure
31
What is pulmonary ventilation
Total air movement in or out of the lungs
32
What is alveolar ventilation
Fresh air getting to alveoli which means that it is available for gas exchange
33
How to calculate Pulmonary ventilation
Tidal volume x resp rate
34
How to calculate alveolar ventilation
(Tidal volume - dead space) x resp rate
35
Why are alveoli at the vase of the lung better for ventilation
The alveoli at the base are crushed by the weight of the lung and more compressed which means that they can expand more
36
What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of oxygen and CO2
O2 - 100mmHg CO2 - 40mmHg
37
What is the function of the pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
38
What is the function of the pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood towards the heart from the lungs
39
Why are type 1 alveolar cells good for gas exchange
They have a large surface are and a thin membrane which allows for a short diffusion distance
40
What happens to the partial pressure O2 in emphysema
Emphysema - destruction of alveoli which reduces surface area for gas exchange so the blood does not get O2 from the alveoli so the partial pressure O2 decreases
41
Why does fibrotic lung disease reduce PO2 in the blood
The alveolar membrane is thickened which slows gas exchange
42
Why does pulmonary oedema decrease the partial pressure O2 in blood
Oxygen is not very water soluble and the increased fluid makes a further diffusion distance which slows gas exchange
43
What is the partial pressure of O2 in asthma
It is low in the alveoli and therefore low in the blood due to less oxygen being able to be taken into the alveoi
44
What is ventilation
The amount of air getting to the alveoli
45
What is perfusion
The local blood flow to tissues
46
Where is the blood flow higher than ventilation within the lung
The base of the lung because the arterial pressure exceeds alveolar pressure - this leads to the alveoli being compressed
47
What is the trend with blood flow and ventilation as you go from the base to the apex
Both decline but blood flow declines faster than ventilation meaning that the blood flow is higher than ventilation at the base and ventilation is higher than blood flow at the apex
48
What happens when there is decreased PO2 in tissues around an under ventilated alveoli
The arterioles constrict causing blood to go to other better ventilated alveoli
49
What do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor
Decreases in PO2
50
What do central chemoreceptors monitor
Increase in PCO2
51
What is a shunt
Passage of blood through areas of lung that are poorly ventilated
52
What is alveolar dead space
Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused
53
What is anatomical dead space
Air in the conducting zone that is unable to take part in gas exchange
54
How is oxygen transported around the body
Either dissolved in plasma or bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells
55
Is oxygen mainly transported in plasma or bound to haemoglobin
Water is not very soluble so the majority of oxygen travels bound to haemoglobin
56
How is the majority of CO2 transported in the body
In solution in plasma and less is transported bound to haemoglobin
57
How much of the arterial O2 is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest
25%
58
How many oxygen molecules does each haemoglobin bind
4
59
What determines how saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen
The partial pressure of Oxygen in the alveoli and therefore in plasma
60
How does the oxygen bind to the haemoglobin
The oxygen essentially sequesters oxygen from the plasma which therefore continuously gathers oxygen from the alveoli
61
How much of our haemoglobin is saturated during normal PO2 and also at venous PO2
nearly fully saturated (97/98)% at normal PO2 75% saturated at venous PO2
62
What is anaemia
Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is compromised
63
What happens to the partial pressure O2 in anaemia
Nothing - the amount of oxygen decreases but the PO2 is normal
64
What causes oxygen to be perfused to the tissues off the haemoglobin
When there is low haemoglobin affinity for oxygen
65
What is the affect of PH on oxygen haemoglobin affinity
More oxygen affinity for haemoglobin when PH increases
66
What is the effect of PCO2 on haemoglobin oxygen affinity
If PCO2 increases, acidity increases which therefore causes the PH to increase and increase the affinity
67
What is the effect of temperature on oxygen haemoglobin affinity
Lower temperature increases affinity
68
What is the affect of DPG on oxygen haemoglobin affinity
It reduces the affinity - it is an allosteric enzyme which reduces the affinity between oxygen and haemoglobin
69
What are the symptoms of someone who has carboxyhaemoglobin formation - Carbon monoxide binding with haemoglobin
hypoxia, anaemia, nausea, headache , Cherry red skin and mucous membranes Treat with 100% O2
70
What are the types of hypoxia
M - metabolic hypoxia A - anaemic hypoxia S - stagnant hypoxia H - histotoxic hypoxia H - hypoxaemic hypoxia
71
What nerves control the muscles of inspiration
Phrenic - diaphragm intercostal nerves - external intercostal muscles
72
Where are the respiratory centres in the brain
Pons and the medulla
73
What are the central chemoreceptors
Medulla
74
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid and aortic bodies
75
What do central chemoreceptors in the brain detect
Changes in protons in the CSF around the brain and then increase ventilation if too many protons to get rid of carbon dioxide
76
What happens to people with chronic lung disease who have a chronically elevated PCO2
They become desensitised to PCO2 do rely on PO2 and the peripheral chemoreceptors
77
What happens to respiration during swallowing
Respiration is inhibited to prevent food or fluids getting into the airway and swallowing is followed by an expiration to dislodge any particles that may have made their way to the respiratory system

respiratory (13 decks)

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