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MICI Module 2 > Resp Virus, Childhood Viruses, HPV And Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Resp Virus, Childhood Viruses, HPV And Gastroenteritis Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Describe Influenza

A

Single stranded RNA virus, ENVELOPED, SEGMENTED GENOME

Actually 3 viruses

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2
Q

How is influenza spread

A

RESPIRATORY DROPLETS ON SOILED HANDS

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3
Q

Why is influenza A more important?

A

Pandemic potential and usually more severe

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4
Q

Describe Influenza A

A

Humans AND animals infected
Outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics
Yearly antigen DRIFT
Liable for antigenic SHIFT

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5
Q

Describe influenza B

A 
Usually less severe
Humans only 
Outbreaks and epidemics 
Yearly antigenic drift
Not liable to shift
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6
Q

What js the difference between colds and flu

A

Cold: gradual (slow) onset, little or no fever, coryza; no vaccine or treatment

Flu: rapid onset, fever, fatigue; vaccine and treatment available

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7
Q

What proteins are present on the surface of the influenza virus

A

HEMAGGLUTININ (the H in H1N1) which attaches to cell receptors

NEURAMINIDASE (N in H1N1) which frees the virus to infect other cells

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8
Q

What are drifts

A

Small changes or mutations are called drifts, these are present in both influenza A&B
Drifted viruses contribute to epidemics and deaths in vulnerable

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9
Q

What are shifts

A

Larger changes or mutations only present jn influenza A
Shifted viruses cause pandemics
Shifts are reassortments of avian and human viruses; new viruses emerge

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10
Q

Describe how a shift occurs

A

Pigs!
Pigs have receptors for both avian and human strains of influenza, pig acts as mixing vessel and shifts segments to pop out a new virus

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11
Q

What are potential complications of influenza

A

Lower respirstory tract (direct viral effect): croup, bronchiolitis(kids), primary pneumonia

Secondary bacterial infection:
Pneumonia or otitis media

And heart failure

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12
Q

Describe seasonal influenza vaccine

A

Quadrivalent- 2 type A and 2 type B

60-80% effective in healthy young adults
20-30% effective in elderly
50-60% effective in preventing hospitalization

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13
Q

How is influenza treated

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors
Osteltamivir (tami flu) h1n1 resistant
Zamamivir (inhaler) not convinient

MUST BE TREATED within 72 HOURS preferably 24 hours post infection for it to be effective

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14
Q

Describe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

A paramyxovirus
Most common cause of bronchiolitis in children
Manifests as common cold in older kids and adults
Almost all kids infected by age 4; maybbe fatal if heart and lung disease

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15
Q

How is RSV transmitted

A

Hand contact and respirstory route occasionally

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16
Q

How is RSV treated?

A

Ribavirin, requires hospitalization and is reserved for severe infection

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17
Q

Describe parainfluenza viruses

A

Pretty common; bad cold with persistent cough? Probably parainfluenza
Infection limited to nasopharynx
Approximately 2% get croup

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18
Q

Describe rhinovirus

A

A picornavirus positive strand RNA virus

Infects upper airway (common cold, sinitus, sore ear)

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19
Q

How are respiratory viral infections diagnosed?

A 
Symptoms 
Time of year
Whats in community
Virus antigen detection (not rhinovirus)
Molecular methods (pcr)
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20
Q

Describe measles

A

Paramyxovirus (related to mumps and rsv)
World wide occurence
Vaccine available

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21
Q

How is measles transmitted

A

AIRBORNE

After initial replication it disseminates (viremia)

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22
Q

What are symptoms of measles

A

Takes 2 weeks for rash to develop
Maculopapular rash evolves from face to trunk to extremities INCLUDING PALMS AND SOLES
FEVER AND 3 Cs: cough coryza and conjunctivitis
KOPLIK SPOTS (sugary spots near molar teeth)

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23
Q

What are some complications of measles

A 
Thousands of 3rd workd kids die yearly 
Otitis media
Pneumonia 
Encephalitis 
Death
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24
Q

When is measles communicative

A

Communicable 4 days before and 4 dats after development of rash

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25
How is measles diagnosed
Not easy to diagnose IgM antibody levels the best option
26
Describe the measles vaccine
A live vaccine administered with mumps and rubella as MMR or with mumps and rubella and varicella as MMRV Given in 2 doses now
27
Describe rubella
RNA togavirus Spread by respiratory droplets or vertically (mum to baby) Rash develops after 2-3 weeks May be infected and not know esp young kids
28
What are some symptoms of rubella
Rash Adenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) Adults may get mild arthritis
29
What are some complications of rubella
``` Congenital rubella most severe: Cardiac abnormalities Cataracts Deafness Brain, liver, organ damage ```
30
How is rubella diagnosed
IgM antibodies
31
Describe erythema infectiosum
Fifth disease Caused by PARVOVIRUS B19 INFECTION Worldwide, common in early childhood
32
How is fifth disease transmitted
Respiratory droplets | Vertical (biggest worry)
33
What are complications of fifth disease
Slapped cheek rash sparing mouth Lacy pink rash in extremities May cause miscarriage or fetal abnormalities
34
How is fifth disease disgnosed
``` Antibody detection (IgM) No vaccine ```
35
Describe Mumps
A paramyxovirus Worldwide Uncommon thanks to vaccine Incubation period 2-3 weeks
36
How is mumps spread
Droplets and fomites contaminated by saliva
37
What are some complications of mumps
Parotid gland swelling (95%) Orchitis (young men may cause sterility) Meningitis (15%) Encephalitis and pancreatitis
38
How is mumps diagnosed
Looking for viral RNA in saliva or urine (PCR)
39
Describe chicken pox
A member of herpes viridae family Very very infectious Unlike other herpes virus almost all infections are symptomatic
40
How is chicken pox transmitted
Airborne
41
How is chicken pox characterized
Fever, generalized vesicular erruption
42
What js the incubation period of chickenpox
11-13 days | Virus replicates in throat and spreads during secondary viremia to skin, tissue, rarely to lungs and brain
43
What is the typical progression of chicken pox
Macule -> papule -> vesicle -> pustule -> ulcer -> crust
44
What are complications of chicken pox
Pneumonia (very serious) Disseminated infections in immuno compromised Severe infections in newborns CNS involvement (rare) Bacterial superinfection from kids scratching or picking (S.Aureus/S.Pyrogenes)
45
How is varicella zoster infections (shingles/chickenpox) diagnosed
Clinical syndrome recognition | PCR if immuno compromised
46
How are varicella zoster jnfections prevented
Chicken pox vaccine (live vaccine) Shingles vaccine: 2 Shingrex the best (2 shots) VZ immunoglobulin: post exposure prophylaxis for congenital or immunodeficincy; given to newborns Newborns may be given immunoglobulin and Acylovir
47
How are varicella zoster infections treated?
Airborne precautions in hospital (negatuve pressure room) | Acyclovir: immune compromised, varicella pneumonia or CNS infections
48
Describe coxsackie virus and echoviruses
Picornaviruses Mostly summer/fall infection Fecal oral transmission 50-80% asymptomatic
49
What are complications of coxsackie and echoviruses
Meningitis, myocarditis, handfoot and mouth
50
Describe hand foot and mouth disease
Mostly kids Coxsackie A16 Sore throat, vesicles, fever, lesions including hand and feer
51
Describe human papilloma viruses
Small non enveloped icosahedral viruses Circular doubke stranded viral DNA More than 100 different types
52
How is HPV transmitted
Virus shed in cells from warty lesions on skin/mucous membranes Infected cells multiply and form new lesions
53
Does HPV have viremia
No infection is limited to superficial tissue
54
What is skin to skin hpv
Platar warts or common warts caused by 1,2,3 and other types
55
What are low risk mucosal HPV infections
Low risk of cancer HPV 6,11 Primarily associated with genital warts
56
What are high risk mucosal HPV infections
High risk of invasive cancer | HPV 16, 18 and others
57
What makes HPV potentially cancerous
Integrated gene gives rise to genomic instability causes growth of cells to become unrestricted
58
What cancers can be prevented by HPV vaccine
``` Cervical Oropharynx Anus Oral cavity Vulva Penile ```
59
How do we test for HPV?
In NS pap smear
60
Describe the HPV vaccine
Prevents virus replication by using virus outside and not the inside
61
What HPV types does the vaccine protect against
16, 18 (highest risk), 6,11 (low risk) and 5 other types | Can be given in 2 or 3 doses
62
Who should get the HPV vaccine
Males and females 9-26 MSM Immunosuppressed NOT RECCOMENDED FOR UNDER 9 AND PREGNANT MOTHERS
63
What are common gastroenteritis viruses
Noroviruses (MOST COMMON) Rotaviruses Enteric adenoviruses Astrovirus
64
Describe noroviruses
Winter vomiting disease Small RNA viruses, multiple serotypes Adults more commonly affected Very infectious
65
How are noroviruses transmitted
Fecal oral and aerosol spread
66
Describe rota viruses
Naked doubke stranded RNA viruses Look like a wheel Usually endemic, reduced with vaccine Most severe in neonates and kids
67
Describe the pathogenisis of gastroenteritis viruses
Replicate in mucosal cells of the small intestine Damage transport mechanisms Loss of fluids and electrolytes Little inflammation
68
How are enteric viruses spread
``` Poor hygiene and sanitation Fecal oral Contaminated water Food (filtering fish) Fomites ```
69
Desrcibe the transmission of gastroenteritis viruses
Highly trasmissible especially by convalescents; may be symptom free bht high numbers in stool for 48 hours and may shed for weeks
70
What are some symptoms of gastroenteritis viruses
``` Vomiting (esp norovirus) Occasionally fever Diarrhea Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance ```
71
Hiw are enteric viral infections diagnosed
Clinical syndrome PCR for outbreaks Antigen in stool (not as common)
72
How is viral gastroenteritis treated
Rehydration (IV elderly) Anti motility agents Pepto bismol

MICI Module 2 (3 decks)

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