Respiartion And Muscular System Flashcards
(49 cards)
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur?
In the mitochondria.
How do gills help fish in respiration?
Gills extract dissolved oxygen from water and expel carbon dioxide, providing a large surface area for gas exchange.
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
They are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
How does hemoglobin assist in gas exchange?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body, then picks up carbon dioxide to be expelled.
Describe the diaphragm’s function in the breathing process.
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, creating a vacuum that pulls air into the lungs during inhalation; it relaxes during exhalation, pushing air out.
What happens to the intercostal muscles during breathing?
They contract to lift the ribs up and out during inhalation, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
Explain how lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration.
When oxygen is scarce, cells break down glucose into lactic acid and ATP through anaerobic respiration.
How does the body remove lactic acid after intense exercise?
It is converted back to pyruvate in the liver and is either used for energy or converted back to glucose.
Name two types of joints and give an example of each.
Hinge joint (elbow), Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder).
What is the role of cartilage in joints?
It cushions joints and helps them move smoothly by reducing friction.
How do tendons and ligaments differ in their functions?
Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing for movement, while ligaments connect bones to other bones, stabilizing joints.
Explain the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
How does the structure of a fish’s gills maximize gas exchange?
Gills have thin filaments with a large surface area and a rich blood supply, facilitating efficient gas exchange with water.
What is the function of bone marrow?
Bone marrow produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Describe the process of fermentation in yeast cells.
Yeast cells convert glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen.
What are antagonistic muscle pairs?
Pairs of muscles where one muscle contracts (agonist) and the other relaxes (antagonist) to create movement, like the biceps and triceps.
Why is regular exercise important for bone health?
It helps build and maintain bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
What adaptations do humans have for efficient respiration?
Alveoli in the lungs, a diaphragm for effective ventilation, and a large surface area for gas exchange.
How does the body’s demand for oxygen change during physical activity?
Increased physical activity raises the demand for oxygen to produce more energy, resulting in higher respiration rates.
What is osteoporosis and how can it be prevented?
A condition where bones become brittle and fragile; it can be prevented by adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, and regular weight-bearing exercise.
What are involuntary muscles and where are they found?
Muscles that function without conscious control, found in the heart (cardiac muscle) and digestive system (smooth muscle).
How do skeletal muscles contribute to movement?
They contract and pull on bones to create movement, working in pairs for efficient motion.
What role do bronchi play in the respiratory system?
They are the main air passages that direct air from the trachea into the lungs.
