respiration

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

interchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood in the lungs

Question 2

what is ventilation

Answer 2

inhalation and exhalation of air into and out of the lungs through the respiratory tract

Question 3

in what two ways is the respiratory tract divided into

Answer 3

• functionally

- clinically

Question 4

functionally ; what is the conducting portion

Answer 4

• it is the tubes that lead from the mouth and nose to the lungs - allows air to move down and allow gas exchange to occur

Question 5

conducting portion - how to control w pressure changes

Answer 5

• during inhalation and exhalation pressure changes occur in the tubes
• trachea is held open with rings of cartilage and to prevent their collapse and blockage of the airway the tubes are reinforced with bone
• which is lined with respiratory mucosa

Question 6

what is respiratory mucosa made up of

Answer 6

• made up of one layer of columnar cells with cilia on their luminal surface
• with secretory (goblet) cells are distributed and secrete mucus on the surface

Question 7

purpose of mucus from nose to respiratory bronchioles

Answer 7

• traps inhaled particles that may be harmful to the lower respiratory tracts
• the cilia move the material up or backwards into the pharynx - can then be swallowed or spat out

Question 8

how many respiratory tracts are there and the names

Answer 8

2

• upper respiratory tract
• lower respiratory tract

Question 9

what makes up the upper respiratory tract

Answer 9

• nose
• mouth
• pharynx
• larynx

Question 10

what makes up the lower respiratory tract

Answer 10

• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles

Question 11

purpose of nose

Answer 11

1. as air is filtered through the nose hairs and as it passes through the nose air twists
2. air hits the walls of your nose allowing particles to be trapped
3. cilia cleans the air
4. air is warmed by blood vessels
5. and humidified as it is breathed in

Question 12

purpose of mucus being sticky

Answer 12

• can trap particles

Question 13

what is the airway designed to do

Answer 13

• trap dust, dirt and potential pathogens

Question 14

structure and role of pharynx

Answer 14

• muscular tube and shared by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
• food a drink exit the pharynx to the oesophagus
• air exits into the larynx

Question 15

what is the larynx

Answer 15

• larynx is a tube reinforced with cartilage that move relative to each other and contain vocal folds

Question 16

purpose of vocal folds

Answer 16

• protect lower airway from food ingestion during swallowing
• generate sound for speech

Question 17

how many lobes does each side of the lungs have

Answer 17

• right lung has three lobes

- left lung has two lobes

Question 18

what are the bronchioles

Answer 18

small tubes without cartilage. the smooth muscle regulates air flow into the alveoli

Question 19

name the three parts of the bronchi

Answer 19

• main bronchi
• lobar bronchi
• segmental bronchi

Question 20

how many different cell types in the lungs

Answer 20

• 40 different cell types

Question 21

properties of ciliated cells

Answer 21

• around 300 cilia per cell
• moves mucus at 2cm per minutes
• beats in one direction
• if you have a respiratory infection leads to loss of cell activity
• microvilli helps increase SA of cells

Question 22

properties of mucous goblet cells

Answer 22

• secrete mucus that traps particulate matter

- very little microvilli

Question 23

properties of brush cell

Answer 23

columnar epithelial cells with blunt microvilli on surface

Question 24

properties of basal short cell

Answer 24

• replace damaged cells (acts similar to stem cells)

- located at base of epithelium and do not reach lumen

Question 25

properties of small granule cells

Answer 25

- contains granules at base of cells | - thought to have neuroendocrine function

Question 26

properties of clara cells/club cells

Answer 26

- secrete lypoprotein - surface active agent similar to mucus but with different structure - progenitor cell acts as a basal type cell - xenobiotic metabolism - removing harmful things out the system

Question 27

what are the two types of cells involved in gas exchange

Answer 27

- type 1 cells (pneumocytes) | - type 11 cells

Question 28

what occurs in type 1 cells and structure

Answer 28

- where gas exchange takes place - v thin epithelial cells - covers 95% of gas exchange surface - organelles near nucleus

Question 29

what do type 11 cells do and where are they found

Answer 29

- replace damaged type 1 cells - found in corner of alveoli - produce a surface active agent - acts as a progenitor and xenobiotic metabolism - covers 5% of gas exchange surface

Question 30

3 structures of the lungs

Answer 30

- alveolar sac are tiny air sacs - alveolar walls are v thin allowing rapid diffusion of oxygen from air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to air - they are formed by pneumocytes and blood capillaries

Question 31

what does smoking do to the alveoli

Answer 31

- breaks down alveoli - sa for gas exchange is reduced - bigger holes in lungs breaking down lung tissue

Question 32

what does cystic fibrosis affect and how do you get CF

Answer 32

- need to have 2 defective genes inherited - affects pancreas and respiratory cells - affects fertility

Question 33

what are the lungs separated from the thoracic wall by

Answer 33

the pleura

Question 34

name the two types of pleura | what is the space called between the two layers

Answer 34

- parietal pleura (line thoracic cavity - outer layer) - visceral pleura (cover the lungs - inner layer) - pleural cavity

Question 35

what does the pleura fluid

Answer 35

- lubricant so that the two layers can slide over each other during ventilation - acts as an adhesive agent sticking the two layers together - when the parietal pleura moves with the thoracic wall , the visceral pleura and therefore lungs follow the movement

Question 36

the thoracic wall is formed by what 4 things

Answer 36

- ribs and sternum - intercostal muscles - diaphragm - accessory muscles

Question 37

what are the two layers on intercostal muscles

Answer 37

- internal | - and external intercostal muscles

Question 38

what is the diaphragm and what does it separate and what is attached to

Answer 38

- thin muscular sheet - separates the thorax from the abdomen - attached to ; lower ribs, tip of sternum, vertebral column

Question 39

inspiration

Answer 39

- size of chest cavity is increased by the intercostal muscles - diaphragm contracts and flattens - chest volume increases and pressure reduced so air is drawn in

Question 40

forced ventilation

Answer 40

- homeostatic mechanism to restore body to normal state | - when body needs more oxygen eg after exercise, emotional response

Question 41

what muscles does forced inspiration use

Answer 41

- intercostal muscles and diaphragm to their max - accessory muscles may be used - total lung volume depends on age, sex, fitness

Question 42

forced expiration what muscles are requires

Answer 42

- intercostal muscles relax | - lungs deflate to normal position