Respiration 112 Final Wilson

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

Movement of air into and out of lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed

Question 2

external respiration,

Answer 2

Movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood and of CO2 from the blood to lungs

Question 3

transport of respiratory gases,

Answer 3

Transport of O2 from lungs to the tissues and of CO2 from tissue to lungs via blood in circulatory system.

Question 4

internal respiration,

Answer 4

Movement of O2 from blood to tissues and CO2 from tissues to blood

Question 5

ventilation-perfusion coupling,

Answer 5

In the lungs vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas.

Question 6

alveoli,

Answer 6

Thin walled air sacs

Question 7

alveolar sac,

Answer 7

terminal clusters of alveoli

Question 8

surfactant,

Answer 8

A detergent like compound to reduce surface tension

Question 9

pleura,

Answer 9

thin, double-layered serosa

Question 10

cardiac notch,

Answer 10

a concavity in the left lungs medial aspect (makes room for the heart)

Question 11

compliance,

Answer 11

ease with which lungs and chest wall expand (elasticity of lungs and surface tension)

Question 12

surface tension,

Answer 12

unequal tension between liquid molecules and gas molecules

Question 13

tidal volume,

Answer 13

measures amount of air moved during quiet breathing

Question 14

residual volume,

Answer 14

Permanently trapped air in the lungs (1200 mL)

Question 15

expiratory/inspiratory reserve volumes,

Answer 15

• Inspiratory reserve volume: measures amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (3100 mL)
• Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal TV expiration (1200 mL)

Question 16

vital capacity,

Answer 16

sums of inspiratory, tidal and expiratory volumes

Question 17

total lung capacity,

Answer 17

sums of ALL volumes

Question 18

Dalton’s law,

Answer 18

• Air is composed of 21% O2, 79% N2, and .04% CO2
• Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure=partial pressure (p)
• Total pressure is sum of all partial pressures

Question 19

acclimatization

Answer 19

adjusting to environment over long exposure

Question 20

nasal polyps,

Answer 20

Outgrowths of the mucous membranes which are usually found around the openings of the paranasal sinuses.

Question 21

pleurisy,

Answer 21

inflammation of pleura

Question 22

apnea,

Answer 22

temporary suspension or absence of breathing

Question 23

dyspnea,

Answer 23

difficult or labored breathing

Question 24

hypercapnea,

Answer 24

excessive CO2 in the blood

Question 25

pneumothorax,

Answer 25

presence of air in the pleural cavity

Question 26

asthma,

Answer 26

spasms of smooth muscle in bronchial tubes that result in partial or complete closure of air passageways

Question 27

hypoxia,

Answer 27

oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Question 28

emphysema,

Answer 28

distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls

Question 29

tuberculosis,

Answer 29

inflammation of pleurae and lungs produced by an orangism

Question 30

`pneumonia

Answer 30

acute inflammation of the alveoli

Question 31

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 31

* Nose/paranasal sinuses * Pharynx * Larynx * Trachea * Bronchi * Lungs & pleurae

Question 32

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Nose?

Answer 32

Features: • Divisions: 1) External nose and 2) nasal cavity • Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane • Openings called external nares or nostrils Fuctions • Airway • Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air • Receives olfactory stimuli • Serves as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds

Question 33

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Paranasal sinuses?

Answer 33

Features: • Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavity Function: • Lightens skull • Airway • Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air • Serves as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds

Question 34

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Pharynx?

Answer 34

Features: • Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus • 3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx • Houses tonsils Function: • Passageway for air and food

Question 35

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Larynx?

Answer 35

Features: • Connects pharynx to trachea • Has framework of cartilage and dense connective tissue • Opening can be closed by epiglottis or vocal folds • Houses vocal folds Function: • Air passageway • Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract

Question 36

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the trachea?

Answer 36

Features: • Flexible tube running form larynx and dividing inferiorly into to main bronchi • Walls contain C-shaped cartilages Function: • Air passageway • Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

Question 37

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the bronchial tree?

Answer 37

Feature: • Consists of right & left main bronchi, which subdivide within the lungs to form lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles • Bronchiolar walls lack cartilage but contain complete layer of smooth muscles • Constriction of this muscle impedes espiration Function: • Air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli • Cleans, warms and moistens incoming air

Question 38

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the alveoli?

Answer 38

Features: • Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree • Walls of simple squamous epithelium overlie thin basement membrane • External surfaces are intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries • Special alveolar cells produce surfactant (type II) Function: • Main sites of gas exchange • Surfactant reduces surface tension; helps prevent lung collapse

Question 39

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the lungs?

Answer 39

Features: • Paired composite organs that flank mediastinum in thorax • Composed primarily of alveoli and respiratory passageways • Stroma is fibrous elastic connective tissue, allowing lungs to recoil passively during expiration Function: • House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi

Question 40

What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Plurae?

Answer 40

Features: • Serous membranes • Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity • Visceral pleura covers external lung surfaces Function: • Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs

Question 41

role of epiglottis,

Answer 41

bends to cover glottis during swallowing

Question 42

which vocal cords involved in speech production?

Answer 42

Inferior pair; (true vocal cords, glottis)

Question 43

roles of different cell types in alveoli,

Answer 43

* Type I alveolar cells: where gas exchange occurs * Type II alveolar cell: secretes surfactant * Alveolar dust cells: remove debris

Question 44

which lung is larger?

Answer 44

Right lung due to the cardiac notch

Question 45

Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation (inspiration/expiration; how air moves, what muscles are involved?),

Answer 45

• Inspiration: chest expands increasing volume • Expiration: Chest compresses decreasing volume • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles involved Air moves due to Boyle’s Law (more volume, less pressure; less volume, more pressure)

Question 46

three factors that influence ventilation,

Answer 46

* Airway resistance * Alveolar surface tension * Lung compliance

Question 47

respiratory volumes

Answer 47

* Tidal volume: * Inspiratory reserve volume: * Expiratory reserve volume: * Residual volume:

Question 48

Three steps in gas exchange,

Answer 48

* Ventilation: * External (pulmonary) respiration: in lungs * Internal (tissue) respiraton: in tissues

Question 49

role of hemoglobin in carrying respiratory gases,

Answer 49

* O2 binds to Heme | * CO2 binds to globin

Question 50

role of bicarbonate in carrying CO2,

Answer 50

carries 70% of CO2; CO2 + H2O combine to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion

Question 51

role of ventral & dorsal respiratory groups/ pontine center in breathing control,

Answer 51

* Dorsal respiratory group: sensory inputs from periphery * Ventral respiratory group: motor rhythm generation (exciting breathing muscles) * Pontine Center: smooth respiratory movement; modifiers for breathing (indirect; fine tunes)

Question 52

effects of high altitude

Answer 52

* short term effects: acute mountain sickness (nausea, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness) * Long term effects: will lead to acclimatization and EPO production (increased RBC’s)