Respiration

Question 1

Define Respiration

Answer 1

The controlled release of energy from food

Question 2

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

Aerobic: Oxygen is essential

Anaerobic: Oxygen isn’t needed

Question 3

Draw a diagram of a mitochondrion

Answer 3

Question 4

What is an NAD

Answer 4

They transport protons and electrons

Question 5

Define metabolism

Answer 5

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 6

What is stage 1 of respiration of a 6 carbon sugar

Answer 6

Glycolysis

Question 7

What molecule is released in stage 1 of respiration of a 6 carbon sugar

Answer 7

ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 8

Write a balanced chemical formula for Aerobic Respiration

Answer 8

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 9

Explain how ATP is formed

Answer 9

ADP+P or Adenosine diphosphate + phosphate

Question 10

Name the 3 carbon molecule formed in stage 1 of aerobic respiration

Answer 10

Pyruvic Acid

Question 11

Explain how NADH is formed

Answer 11

NAD+ picks up a proton and 2 electrons

Question 12

Name the 2 carbon molecule formed after pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion

Answer 12

Acetyl

Question 13

What’s the product of respiration in human muscles

Answer 13

Lactic Acid

Question 14

Name the advantages of a cell using ATP as an energy source

Answer 14

Energy is available for immediate use

Energy is easily recycled

Question 15

Name the nitrogenous base in ATP

Answer 15

Adenine

Question 16

Name the sugar found in ATP

Answer 16

Ribose

Question 17

Name a human storage polysaccharide

Answer 17

Glycogen

Question 18

Define Aerobic Respiration

Answer 18

The release of energy from food with the presence of O2

Question 19

Define Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 19

The release of energy from food without requiring the presence of oxygen

Question 20

Define Fermentation

Answer 20

Another name for anaerobic respiration

Question 21

Define Glycolysis

Answer 21

The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 22

Define Biotechnology

Answer 22

The use of living things to manufacture useful products or carry out useful reactions

Question 23

Name the 2 stages of Aerobic respiration

Answer 23

Stage 1: Glycolysis

Stage 2: Krebs cycle and elecctron transport chain

Question 24

Outline the process of Glycolysis (stage 1 of aerobic respiration)

Answer 24

Takes place in the cytosol

Doesn’t require oxygen (anaerobic)

Forms 2 ATP molecules

Forms pyruvic acid as an end product

Small amount of energy is released

Question 25

Outline stage 2 of aerobic respiration

Answer 25

This stage requires oxygen Pyruvic Acid enters a mitochondrion and loses a carbon dioxide molecule A two-carbon (C2) molecule is formed called Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) Pyruvic Acid also loses two high energy electrons and a proton which combine with NAD+ NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ——> NADH

Question 26

Outline the Krebs Cycle

Answer 26

Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA is broken down into Co2 + protons in a series of reactions The energy in Acetyl CoA is released in the form of high energy electrons These high energy electrons, along with protons combine with NAD+ to form NADH (NADH molecules enter Electron Transport Chain) During the Krebs Cycle a single ADP+P is converted to ATP + water

Question 27

Outline the events of the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 27

Located on inner membrane of mitochondrion, infoldings increase the S.A Electron Transport Chain consists of a number of molecules mainly proteins High energy electrons are passed from NADH to the first of these molecules Electrons pass from molecule to molecule and lose some of their energy Energy released from the electrons from ADP+P —> ATP + water (the rest of the energy is lost as heat) At the end of the system, low energy electrons are removed by combining with oxygen+hydrogen to form water

Question 28

Outline the steps in Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 28

Anaerobic respiration can occur in the presence of O2 but doesn’t need it Takes place in the cytosol In plants + bacteria 2 pyruvic acid converted to 2 lactic acid In plants + yeast 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 Lactic acid builds up and causes cramps

Question 29

Name the microorganisms used in Bioprocessing and their products

Answer 29

Bacteria: Ethanol —> Beer and wine Yeasts: Ethanol —> Beer and wine Fungi: Antibiotics —> Treat bacterial infections

Question 30

To show the production of alcohol by yeast experiment | Outline the steps involved

Answer 30

Dissolve Glucose in water Boil the solution (forms anaerobic conditions) Add dried yeast Cover liquid with oil (prevents oxygen from re-entering solution) Apparatus placed in 30 degree water bath (optimum respiration temperature) Bubbles of Co2 will be seen in limewater Fermentation is complete when bubbles stop forming

Question 31

To Show the production of ethanol experiment | Outline the Method

Answer 31

Potassium iodide added to filtrate Sodium hypochlorite added Place in water bath at 50-60 degrees Positive result is Pale Yellow Crystals

Question 32

To show alcohol is produced | Outline the method

Answer 32

Acidified potassium dichromate added Placed in warm water bath Positive result is an Orange to Green colour change