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PNM > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Define external respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between organisms and external environment

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2
Q

Define breathing

A

Muscle contraction and relaxation to move air in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air going from outside to inside of the body for gas exchange

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of breathing and where do they come from?

A
  • Automatic: Brainstem
  • Voluntary: Motor cortex
  • Emotional: Limbic system
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5
Q

What are the 3 respiratory centres?

A
  • Protective reflexes
  • Chemo-receptors
  • Pulmonary stretch receptors
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6
Q

What are alveoli?

A
  • air sacs
  • surface of alveoli is moist
  • pulmonary surfactant lowers surface tension
  • surface tension resists stretching
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7
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant and what secrets it?

A

It is made of phospholipids and protein and makes it easier for the lungs to expand. It is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.

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8
Q

What are the 2 protective reflexes

A
  • Cough
  • Sneeze
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9
Q

What causes a cough?

A

Receptors on epithelial cells

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10
Q

What causes a sneeze?

A

Receptors in upper airways

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of rhythmic breathing?

A

1) Inspiration - active
2) Post-inspiration - active
3) Expiration - passive

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12
Q

What is the diaphram?

A
  • most important inspiratory muscle
  • has a phrenic nerve
  • asymmetrically innervated
  • 70% of tidal volume
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13
Q

What is the thorax?

A

A closed compartment which contains fluid to allow pleura to slide over one another, it has a thin membrane

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of membrane in the thorax?

A
  • Costal parietal
  • Mediastinal parietal
  • Diaphragmatic
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15
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure and what it should be

A

The difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of the lungs in the thorax, it should be 4mm/Hg

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16
Q

What does the tongue do for respiration?

A

The contraction supports the airway as well as reducing resistance during respiration

17
Q

What is O2 in the blood transported on?

A

Haemoglobin

18
Q

Where is >98% of the haemoglobin?

A

In erythrocytes

19
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

CO2 shifts the haemoglobin saturation to the right and causes it to release more O2

20
Q

Why is it so common to have carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
  • 210x more affinity for CO than O2
  • CO displaces O2 to make carboxyhaemoglobin
  • no reflex to increase ventilation as no O2 in blood
21
Q

Where is the larynx?

A

Upper respiratory tract

22
Q

What is airway resistance in the conducting zone determined by?

A

Cross sectional area

23
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A
  • provides a low resistance pathway for airflow
  • warm or cool and moistens the air
  • defends against microbes and foreign matter
24
Q

What are the 4 levels of defence?

A
  • Cilia
  • Mucus
  • Macrophages
  • Constriction of the bronchioles via smooth muscle
25
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like projections from epithelial cells which line the airways and beat up towards the pharynx, they are immobilised by noxious agents.

26
Q

What is mucus?

A

Secreted by glands and epithelial cells and moved by cilia to the pharynx, matter and bacteria which is inspired sticks to it.

27
Q

Which defence is the last line of defence for the lung?

A

Macrophages

28
Q

What does asthma do to the muscles and mucus?

A

It causes muscle constriction and more mucus production which causes airway resistance.

29
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional the surface area thickness

30
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional the surface area thickness

31
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A
  • provides oxygen
  • eliminated carbon dioxide
  • large surface area due to alveoli
  • pores are required to prevent alveolar collapse
32
Q

Define perfusion

A

The amount of blood getting to the lungs

33
Q

What happens if someone has emphysema?

A
  • alveoli fuse and walls collapse
  • reduction in surface area
  • lungs self destruct
  • increased airway resistance due to inflammation
34
Q

What is the trend of emphysema cases (COPD cases)?

A

They are rising

PNM (5 decks)

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