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1. A level year 13 master > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

Release ATP

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3
Q

Is oxygen needed for glycolysis?

A

No
Glycolysis is the first series of reactions in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

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4
Q

Name the chemical made when glucose is phosphorylated.

A

Glucose –> glucose phosphate

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5
Q

How is triose phosphate made during glycolysis?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose phosphate using ATP
Glucose phosphate is hydrolysed to form 2 molecules of triose phosphate

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6
Q

Describe what happens to triose phosphate in glycolysis.

A

Triose phosphate -> pyruvate + ATP + NADH

Triose phosphate is oxidised to form pyruvate.

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7
Q

In anaerobic reparation what is pyruvate converted into?

A

In animals - Lactate
In plants and yeast - Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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8
Q

What happens to NADH when pyruvate is converted into lactate?

A

Oxidised to regenerate NAD.
This allows glycolysis to continue

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9
Q

Give 3 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic releases more ATP than anaerobic.

Aerobic produces carbon dioxide and water whereas anaerobic produces lactate or ethanol + carbon dioxide.

Aerobic requires oxygen whereas anaerobic does not require oxygen.

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10
Q

Which type of transport is used to get pyruvate into the mitochondria?

A

Active transport.

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11
Q

Which organelle is responsible for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Where precisely does Krebs’ cycle and the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria.

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13
Q

Where precisely does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation take place.

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria.

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14
Q

How is acetate made from pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate is oxidised / NADH is made.

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15
Q

What is the name of the coenzyme that carries acetate.

A

Coenzyme A

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16
Q

Name the process used to make ATP in Krebs’ cycle.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation.

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17
Q

Name the particles transported into the intermembrane space during electron transport chain.

A

Protons or H+ ions

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18
Q

Name the enzyme used to make ATP.

A

ATP synthetase

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19
Q

How is energy provided to transport the protons/H+ into the intermembrane space?

A

Electrons lose energy as they travel along the electron transport chain. This energy is used to actively transport the protons into the intermembrane space.

20
Q

Name the four main stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

21
Q

Outline the stages of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate using 2 ATP
Glucose phosphate is hydrolysed into 2 molecules of triose phosphate.
Each triose phosphate is oxidised to make pyruvate releasing NADH and ATP

22
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 x Pyruvate
2 x ATP (net)
2 x NADH

23
Q

Describe what happens in the link reaction.

A

Pyruvate is oxidised and decarboxylated
To form acetyl
NADH is produced
Carbon dioxide is released
Acetyl is attached to Coenzyme A

24
Q

Name the co enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

A

NAD
FAD
Coenzyme A

25
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A non-protein molecule which is needed for an enzyme to work

26
Q

Where does oxidative phopshorylation occur?

A

Cristae (inner membrane) of mitochondria

27
Q

Describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria

A

NADH/FADH release electrons
Electron pass along electron transfer chain
Energy released caused protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space creating a electrochemcial gradient
Protons/H+ diffuse through ATP synthase
ATP is made from ADP and Pi
Electrons form ETC move to oxygen (terminal electron acceptor)

28
Q

Why is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration?

A

Final electron acceptor
H+ and electron transport change would stop
NAD and FAD could not be reformed
Other stages of respiration would stop

29
Q

The energy not harvested during the electron transport chain is lost as …

A

Heat

30
Q

The mitochondria of metabolically active cells have more densely packed cristae. How does this help these cells?

A

Greater surface area of inner membrane provides more space for electron transport proteins and enzymes. Increases rate of oxidative phosphorylation

31
Q

What is the benefit of an electron transport chain rather than a single reaction?

A

Energy released in a more gradual way.
Minimises energy wasted as heat.

32
Q

Which reaction is the only source of ATP in anaerobic conditions?

A

Glycolysis

33
Q

Can glucose cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

No
Glycolysis used to break it down to pyruvate which is then transported across the membrane.

34
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms?

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Ethanol + CO2 + NAD

35
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Lactate + NAD

36
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria?

A

Active transport

37
Q

Describe what happens in the Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl added to a 4C molecule to form a 6C molecule
Decarboxylation released 2 X CO2
NAD and FAD are reduced
ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation

38
Q

Name 2 types of molecule that can e used as alternative respiratory substrates

A

Amino acids from proteins
Glycerol and fatty acids from lipids

39
Q

How can lipids be used an a respiratory substrate?

A

Lipid –> glycerol + fatty acids
Glycerol is phosphorylated to form triose phosphate
Fatty acids converted into acetyl

40
Q

How can amino acids be used an a respiratory substrate?

A

Amino aid is deaminated to form:
3C compounds converted to pyruvate
4C/5C compounds form intermediates in Krebs cycle

41
Q

Name the stages of respiration that produce ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle

42
Q

What is the advantage of producing ethanol/lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Converts NADH back into NAD so glycolysis can continue.

43
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing ethanol during anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol is a poison causing cells to die
Ethanol dissolves cell membranes.

44
Q

What is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration?

A

Acidic so decreases pH
Results in muscle fatigue

45
Q

How many membranes does pyruvate need to pass through to enter the matrix of the mitochondria

A

2

1. A level year 13 master (19 decks)

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