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respiration Flashcards

1
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose phosphorylated twice - fructose diphosphate
- ATP hydrolysed Pi added to glucose

this activates glucose

fructose diphosphate converted - triose phosphate
triose phosphate oxidised to pyruvate - electrons removed reduce NAD
ADP phosphorylated - ATP - substrate level phosphorylation
= 2ATP

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2
Q

link reaction

A

mitochondrial matrix

pyruvate decarboxylated and dehydrogenated = acetyl group

electrons reduces NAD

acetyl group joins coenzyme A = acetyl coA

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3
Q

krebs cycle

A

x2 - mitochondrial matrix

acetyl coA + 4c = 6C = decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
NAD reduced - co2 - coenzyme A released

substrate level phosphorylated - ATP
electron removed - 4C compound
FAD reduced

electron removed from 4C compound - NAD reduced

fully oxidised glucose - all 6C released as CO2 and all 12H stored on reduced co-factors

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4
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH binds to first electron carrier in ETC - dehydrogenated to NAD
NAD - glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle

high energy electron from NADH passed down ETC - loses energy - pump protons against chemiosmotic gradient - matrix to inner lumen

electrons combine with oxygen - water
oxygen - terminal electron acceptor

H+ diffuse from inner membrane space to matrix via ATP synthase - changed 3 str of enzyme - active site for ADP+Pi to combine - oxidative phosphorylation

NADH joins first ETC pump - activated 3H+ pumps - 3ATP per NADH
FADH - second ETC pump - activates 2

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5
Q

ATP table

A

glycolysis - cytoplasm - 2NADH, 2ATP

link reaction - mito matrix - 2CO2, 2NADH

krebs - mito matrix - 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH, 2ATP

ox phos - inner mito membrane - -10NADH, -2FADH

10NADH x 3 = 30ATP
2 FADH x 2 = 4ATP

total 6CO2, 38ATP

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6
Q

anaerobic respiration - yeast and plants

A

• Pyruvate (3C) is decarboxylated (ie, CO2 is lost) to form ethanal (2C).
• Ethanal is reduced to ethanol (2C) using the e- / H-atom from NADH.
• In this process, NADH is oxidised to NAD, which can be reused in glycolysis.

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7
Q

anaerobic respiration - animals and bacteria

A

• Pyruvate (3C) is reduced to lactate (3C) using the e- / H-atom from NADH.
• In this process, NADH is oxidised to NAD, which can be reused in glycolysis.

2ATP made per glucose by anaerobic respiration (during glycolysis)

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8
Q

differences between the two types of anaerobic respiration

A

plants
- ethanol production
- CO2 released
- not reversible
- two step process

animals
- lactate production
- CO2 not released
- reversible
- one step process

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9
Q

how does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria

A

via active transport

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10
Q

what is the electron transfer chain

A

series of carrier proteins embedded in membrane of the cristae of mitochondria

produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration

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11
Q

what happens in the electron transfer chain

A

electrons released from reduced NAD and FAD undergo successive redox reactions

the energy released is coupled to maintaining proton gradient or released as heat

oxygen acts as final electron acceptor

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12
Q

how is a proton concentration gradient established during chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration

A

some energy released from the ETC is coupled to the active transport of H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

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13
Q

state the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration

A

final electron acceptor in electron transfer chain

produces water as a byproduct

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14
Q

what is the benefit of an electron transfer chain rather than a single reaction

A

energy is released gradually

less energy is released as heat

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15
Q

name 2 types of molecule that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates

A

amino acids from proteins

glycerol and fatty acids from lipids

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16
Q

how can lipids act as an alternative respiratory substrate

A

lipid -> glycerol + fatty acids

  1. phosphorylation of glycerol - triose phosphate for glycolysis
  2. fatty acid - acetate which enters link reaction
  3. H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation
17
Q

How can amino acids act as an alternative respiratory substrate

A

deamination produces:

3C compounds - pyruvate for link reaction

4C/5C compounds - intermediates in krebs cycle

18
Q

name the stages in respiration that produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

A

glycolysis (anaerobic)

krebs cycle (aerobic)

19
Q

what happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic respiration

A

transported to liver via bloodstream, where it is oxidised to pyruvate

can enter link reaction in liver cells or be converted to glycogen

20
Q

what is the advantage of producing ethanol / lactate during anaerobic respiration

A

converts NADH back to NADH so glycolysis can continue

21
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing ethanol during anaerobic respiration

A

cells die when ethanol concentration is above 12%

ethanol dissolves cell membranes

22
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing lactate during anaerobic respiration

A

Acidic so decreases pH

results in muscle fatigue

23
Q

compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A
  • both involve glycolysis
  • both require NAD
  • both produce ATP

aerobic
- produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation AND oxidative phosphorylation
- produces more ATP
- does not produce ethanol or lactate

anaerobic
- substrate-level phosphorylation only
- produces fewer ATP
- produces ethanol or lactate

24
Q

suggest how a student could investigate the effect of a named variable on the rate of respiration of a single-cells organism

A
  • use respirometer (pressure changes in boiling tube cause a drop of coloured liquid to move)
  • use a dye as the terminal electron acceptor for the ETC
25
Q

what is the purpose of sodium hydroxide solution in a respirometer set up to measure the rate of aerobic respiration

A

absorbs CO2 so that there is a net decrease in pressure as O2 is consumed

26
Q

how could a student calculate the rate of respiration using a respirometer

A

volume of O2 produced or CO2 consumed / time x mass of sample

volume = distance moved by coloured drop x area of circle

? energy transfers (4 decks)

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