Respiration

Question 1

What is Respiration?

Answer 1

This is the breaking down of organic food substances such as glucose with or without oxygen to release energy within living cells

Question 2

What other names can be given to the basic definition of respiration?

Answer 2

a. Tissue respiration
b. Cell/ Cellular respiration
c. Internal respiration

Question 3

What is the name of the energy released?

Answer 3

ATP(Adenosine triphosphate)

Question 4

Mention one reason why respiration is important

Answer 4

It releases energy which supports all activities and processes of living organisms

Question 5

Mention 3 ways energy released is used

Answer 5

1. Heat production
2. Active transport of substance in and out of cells
3. Muscle contraction
4. Cell division
5. Production of chemical substances in the cells(biosynthesis )such as proteins
6. Transmission of nerve impulses
7. Breaking down of chemical substances such as glucose

Question 6

What are the types of respiration?

Answer 6

Internal respiration
External respiration

Question 7

Define internal respiration

Answer 7

This involves the breakdown of food to release energy

Question 8

Define external respiration

Answer 8

This involves the mechanism of breathing that is inhalation and exhalation

Question 9

What are the two types of internal respiration?

Answer 9

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration

Question 10

Define aerobic respiration

Answer 10

This is the breakdown of foof to produce energy in the presence of oxygen

When glucose reacts with oxygen, it releases energy, carbon dioxide and water as waste products

Question 11

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

Answer 11

C6H12O6 + 6O2—6CO2 + 6H2O + 38atp

Question 12

What is the word formula of aerobic respiration?

Answer 12

Glucose + oxygen produces carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 13

What are types of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 13

Lactate fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation

Question 14

What is the formula and word formula for alcoholic fermentation?

Answer 14

Formula:
C6H12O6 —- C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2atp

Word formula:
Glucose produces ethanol (alcohol) + carbon dioxide + energy

Question 15

What is the formula and word formula for lactate fermentation?

Answer 15

C6H12O6 — 2C3H6O3 + 2atp

Word formula:
Glucose produces lactate (by product )+ energy

Question 16

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 16

The breakdown of food in the absence of oxygen to release energy

Question 17

When is anaerobic respiration called alcohol fermentation?

Answer 17

When it occurs in yeast

Question 18

When is anaerobic respiration called lactate fermentation?

Answer 18

When it occurs in some bacteria.
When it occurs in the skeletal muscle tissue when there’s a temporary shortage of oxygen.
It can cause muscle cramps when accumulated

Question 19

What is meant by oxygen debt?

Answer 19

This is the build up of lactic acid in the body

Question 20

Mention 2 differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

Answer 20

Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen, whereas anaerobic respiration requires no oxygen

Aerobic respiration produces more energy, whereas anaerobic respiration produces less energy

In aerobic respiration carbon dioxide and water are released, whereas in anaerobic respiration, alcohol and carbon dioxide are released

Aerobic respiration results in complete oxidation of food, whereas anaerobic respiration results in incomplete oxidation of food.

Question 21

What are the functions of the various structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 21

Nose- traps dust particles in inhaled air with the aid of hairs in the nostrils

Nasal passage - air entered the system thrift this passage

Pharynx - the madam chamber opened into the pharynx at the back of the mouth; does is prevented from entering the windpipe

Trachea - market up of cartilaginous structures(rings) which keep it open preventing it from collapsing

Epiglottis - a tissue flap which automatically close the entrance to the larynx preventing food from entering the trachea

Larynx - enables humans to speak and sing

Bronchus - supported by rings of cartilage lined with cilia and secrete mucus.

Bronchiole - the bronchus focused into smaller tubes called bronchioles..same as bronchus

Alveoli - airsac structures… gaseous exchange occurs.. has a thin wall and a network of blood capillaries

Diaphragm - a sheet of muscular tissue, separating the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

Intercostal muscles - holds the ribs and allows them to move up and down and regulates the variation of your movement of the ribs to aid in external respiration

Question 22

What is the path of air into the lungs

Answer 22

Nostrils
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 23

What is cilia?

Answer 23

Microscopic hair-like structures

Question 24

What does the mucus and cilia in the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles do?

Answer 24

Mucus - traps dust particles and microbes in the air

Cilia - moved the mucus upwards where it is swallowed or coughed out

Question 25

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 25

To prevent harmful substances from entering the lungs

Question 26

What is breathing?

Answer 26

This is the movement of the chest which allows one to take in oxygen and to get rid of waste products of respiration

Question 27

Ventilation is the...

Answer 27

moving of air into and out of the lungs

Question 28

Inhalation is ..

Answer 28

the simultaneous contraction of the external intercostal muscles and relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles in order to take in air into the lungs

Question 29

What is the process involved on inhalation?

Answer 29

Contraction of ext intercostal muscles Relaxation of int intercostal muscles Diaphragm contracts and flattens Intercostal muscles contract Ribcage and sternum move upwards and outwards Thoracic volume increases Air pressure in thorax and lungs reduces Ext air rushes into the alveoli

Question 30

What is exhalation?

Answer 30

This is the expelling of air out of the lungs into the atmosphere

Question 31

List the process involved in exhalation

Answer 31

Relaxation of ext intercostal muscles Contraction of internal intercostal muscles Diaphragm relaxes and assumes a dome shape Intercostal muscles relax Ribcage and sternum move downwards and inwards Thoracic volume decrease Air pressure increases Air is forced out

Question 32

What is the composition of inhaled air ?

Answer 32

Oxygen - 17 Carbon dioxide - 3.5 Nitrogen - 79 Water vapour - saturated Temperature - arnd 38

Question 33

What is the composition of exhaled air ?

Answer 33

Oxygen - 21 Carbon dioxide - 0.03 Nitrogen - 79 Water vapour - variable Temperature - surrounding temp

Question 34

What is meant by tidal air?

Answer 34

This is the volume of air which moves in and out of the lungs at each breath

Question 35

What is residual volume?

Answer 35

The volume of air left in the lungs after breathing out

Question 36

What is the average residual volume left in the lungs.

Answer 36

1.5 litres.

Question 37

What is vital capacity?

Answer 37

The ability to empty three quarters of the air from the lungs during very deep breathing.

Question 38

List five disorders associated with the respiratory system in humans.

Answer 38

Asthma Pneumonia Tuberculosis Lung cancer Whooping cough(pertussis) Bronchitis aka winter cough emphysema.

Question 39

What is the name of the openings in leaves or other plants paths that enables oxygen to enter the plants?

Answer 39

Stomata.

Question 40

Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur mainly in the plants.

Answer 40

It occurs mainly on the surface of the spongy mesophyll cells in the leaves of flowering plants.

Question 41

How do plants respire in the night?

Answer 41

At night, oxygen enters leaves through tiny openings called stomata and dissolves in cell moisture. It's then used for cell respiration. Simultaneously, the oxide created in cells during respiration exits through stomata into the atmosphere

Question 42

How do plants respire during the day?

Answer 42

During the day, since photosynthesis is taking place, oxygen is produced in excess of the plant respiratory needs. This diffuses out of the mesophyll cells and passes through their stomata into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere passes through the stomata into the leaves and diffuses into the mesophyll cells where it is used for photosynthesis.

Question 43

How else can gas exchange occur?

Answer 43

By diffusion through the walls of the epidermal cells of the leaves and stems.

Question 44

Where does gas exchange occur in woody plants?

Answer 44

Lenticels.

Question 45

Gas exchange can also occur in the roots of plants. True or false?

Answer 45

True.

Question 46

What are reasons to stop smoking?

Answer 46

Lost sense of smell Stain, teeth and horrible smelly breath Mouth and throat cancer Lung cancer Stomach cancer Heart disease Shortness of breath More coughs and colds Expensive Loss of trust and friendship Unemployment Stigmatisation

Question 47

What is the formula for finding a total lung air capacity?

Answer 47

Vital capacity plus residual volume.

Question 48

Mention four differences between respiration and photosynthesis.

Answer 48

In photosynthesis, food substances are built up. That is anabolic process whereas in respiration, food substances are broken up down. That is catabolic process Photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, whereas respiration occurs at all times The energy absorbed from the sun is stored as carbohydrates during photosynthesis, whereas in respiration energy is liberated Photosynthesis only occurs in the cells of plants that contain chloroplasts whereas respiration occurs in every living cell of plants and animals In photosynthesis oxygen is produced whereas in respiration oxygen is used In photosynthesis carbon dioxide is used whereas in respiration carbon dioxide is released In photosynthesis materials are built up resulting in increasing weight, whereas in respiration materials are used resulting in decrease in weight In photosynthesis the starting materials, that is carbon dioxide and water are low energy containing compounds whereas in respiration the starting materials that is fats and carbohydrates are high energy containing compounds.