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Biology A22 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Energy Definition

A

The capacity to do work

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2
Q

What does the work of a cell include

A

•Active Transport
•Secretion
•Endocytosis
•Biosynthesis
•DNA replication & Organelle Synthesis
•Contraction of Myofbrils
•Activation of Molecules

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3
Q

Active Transport

A

Moving ions and molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient

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4
Q

Secretion

A

Large molecules produced in some cells are exported by exocytosis

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5
Q

Endocytosis

A

But movement of large molecules and particles into cells

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6
Q

Biosynthesis

A

Anabolic reactions producing large molecules

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7
Q

DNA Replication and Synthesis of Organelles

A

Events during cell cycle

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8
Q

Contraction of myofibrils

A

Movement of actin filaments over myosin filaments

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9
Q

Activation of molecules

A

Glucose is phosphorylated at the beginning of respiration

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10
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
makes energy available for work

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11
Q

ATP Composition

A

Adenine - Base
Ribose - Pentose Sugar
Attached to a linear sequence of 3 Phosphate groups

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12
Q

When is energy released by ATP

A

When it is hydrolysed you ADP and inorganic Phosphate (Pi)

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13
Q

What happens when ATP required

A

ATP recycled from ADP and Pi by transfer of energy from breakdown of respiratory substrates

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14
Q

Respiratory Substrates

A

Glucose, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids

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15
Q

What is Respiration

A

Breakdown of respiratory substrates with release of energy for ATP synthesis

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16
Q

ATP produced 2 processes

A

Substrate-level Phosphorylation
-ATP prod by direct transfer of a phosphate group from phosphorylated substance to ADP

Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP produced from ADP and Pi as e- transferred along a series of carriers (e- transport chain)

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17
Q

2 Types Respiration

A

Anaerobic
does not require oxygen and can use glucose only - incompletely broken down - only little ATP produced

Aerobic
requires oxygen and uses variety of resp substrates - completely broken down - produce great deal ATP

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18
Q

Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration in Cells

A
  1. Glycolysis - in cytoplasm
  2. Link Reaction - mitochondrial matrix
  3. Krebs Cycle - matrix of mitochondrion
  4. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation - across inner membrane of mitochondrion
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19
Q

Glycolysis

A

Splitting of glucose in a metabolic pathway - 4 major steps

Requires glucose, ATP ADP Pi and NAD

Produces NADH and ATP

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20
Q

Glycolysis Graph

A
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21
Q

Net production ATP Glycolysis

Study These Flashcards
A

Every molecule glucose used - 2 ATP used

4 molecules ATP produce

Net production of 2 ATP per glucose

22
Q

Other molecules produced Glycolysis

Study These Flashcards
A

2 NADH per glucose

2 Pyruvate per glucose

23
Q

Link reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

Pyruvate transported into mitochondrion and further metabolised

Removal of hydrogen and CO2 from Pyruvate with formation of an Acetyl Group

CO2 diffuses out m and out cell

H removed picked up by NAD

2 C acetyl group carried by coenzyme A to produce Acetyl Coenzyme A

24
Q

Link Reaction Diagram

25
Coenzymes
carry products of breakdown to be used elsewhere •NAD carries H atoms to be used in ETC •Coenzyme A carries acetyl group to be used in Krebs Cycle
26
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl group from acA combines with a 4C acid to form a 6C acid •2 steps removal CO2 - diffuse out •1 step Substrate-level Phosph - prod ATP •4 steps involve dehydrogenation (3 NADH and 1 FADH)
27
Krebs Cycle Diagram
28
Electron Transport Chain
Hydrogens removed from other 3 reactions are source of e- ATP is produced through Oxidative Phosphorylation
29
Steps of Electron Transport Chain
•H passed along initially then only their e- •H electrons passed through series of carriers •Carrier reduced as recieves. As passes along oxidised •O acts as final e- acceptor - reduced forming H2O •carriers lie at successively lower energy lvls so as e- transferred energy becomes available •sufficient energy becomes available at certain points in chain to prod ATP through O Phosph •from each NADH - suff energy released to prod 3 ATP molecules 2 prof from each FADH •e- transfer and oxidative phosph tightly coupled - one only takes place if other takes place
30
Hydrogen Carriers
NAD, Flavoprotein and Coenzyme Q
31
Electron Carriers
Cytochromes and Cytochrome Oxidase
32
NADH or FADH greater yield ATP
NADH H enters chain from FADH at a point after prod of first ATP
33
ECT diagram
34
Total Number of ATP produced from Aerobic Breakdown Of Glucose
38 2 Glycolysis - sub-level 2 Krebs - sub-level 34 ECT - oxidative
35
Other Carbohydrates as respiratory substrates
•Sugars such as Fructose enter Glycolysis •Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen are hydrolysed into glucose
36
Triglycerides as Respiratory Substrates
Hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol enters Glycolytic Pathway Fatty Acids energy rich and ATP is generated in mitochondrion either from splitting into 2 Carbon fragments (B oxidation) or from metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A formed
37
Proteins as Respiratory Substrates
Hydrolysed to Amino Acids -used to supply energy in dire situations such as starvation Amino group removed (deamination) and remnant Organic Acid converted to pyruvate or acA or one of acids in Krebs
38
Resp Metabolism Of Diff Resp Substrates Diagram
39
Energy values of resp substances
1g Lipid yields more than twice as much energy as 1g Carbohydrate - only half mass needed to store equivalent amt energy Org w/lim opp for obtaining food generally carry energy story as lipid - camel humps
40
Can lipids be respired anaerobically
No
41
Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen limited - rate at which H carriers oxidised restricted - cell resorts to Anaerobic Respiration No oxygen = no terminal e- acceptor so carriers remain reduced (link and krebs cant take place) Essentially glycolysis with extra reactions to regenerate NAD
42
Why is NAD required Anaerobic
NAD required for Oxidation of triose phosphate to glycerate biphosphate - NAD -> NADH but cannot be converted back due to no oxygen
43
Anaerobic Pathway In Plants And Fungi
Allows organism or tissue to survive for a period of time w/o oxygen Toxic effect of waste products is reduced because they diffuse readily out of the organism Produces 2x Ethanol and 2CO2 and 2NAD
44
Anaerobic Pathway in Animals
Allows some tissues to generate extra ATP over and above that generated aerobically Only 2 ATP prod per glucose - occurs extremely rapidly Limiting factor is tolerance to Lactate (Lactic Acid) low pH and toxic - strenuous exercise take place only brief period After exercise Lactate in muscle carried in blood to liver - used as resp sub to yield extra ATP for conversion lactate back to glucose Extra recovery oxygen req for metabolism of lactate supplied through rapid breathing and high heart rate - **oxygen debt** paid back
45
Respiratory Quotient
RQ= CO2 produced O2 consumed
46
If RQ greater than 1
Extra CO2 - aerobic and anaerobic taking place If only anaerobic technically infinite - doesn't not prod CO2
47
If RQ is 1
Aerobic Respiration Resp Sub is Carbohydrate
48
If RQ approx 0.7
Aerobic Only Resp Sub is Lipid
49
If RQ is approx 0.9
Aerobic Only Resp Sub is Protein
50
Humans RQ
0.85 Variety resp sub used

Biology A22 (13 decks)

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