respiration

Question 1

The amount of air inhaled per minute is called the _______ _______ or minute respiratory volume (MRV)

Answer 1

minute ventilation

Question 2

its significance is that MV largely determines the _________ _______ rate

Answer 2

alveolar ventilation

Question 3

MV is obtained by multiplying _____ by breathing rate.

Answer 3

TV

Question 4

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) is the volume of new air called __________ _______ ______ (PDS) that does not reach the alveoli.

Answer 4

Physiologic dead space

Question 5

AVR is obtained by subtracting ______ from _____ and multiply by the breathing rate.

Answer 5

PDS

TV

Question 6

Nonrespiratory Air movements, are movements that take place in the respiratory passage in addition to ______

Answer 6

breathing

Question 7

Nonrespiratory air movements are used to clear air passages as in coughing, sneezing, __________ _______ as in laughing , crying, yawning and hiccuping

Answer 7

expressing emotion

Question 8

The function of both ________ and ______ is to dislodge irritating material from respiratory passages

Answer 8

coughing

sneezing

Question 9

Coughing is induced by irritants in the lower respiratory tract. Glottis is

Answer 9

closed

Question 10

Sneezing is triggered by irritants in the nasal cavity. Glottis is

Answer 10

opened

Question 11

the ______ and breathing are two most conspicuously rhythmic processes in the human body

Answer 11

heartbeat

Question 12

Occurrence of basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by respiratory center comprising of groups of _______ in the brain stem

Answer 12

Neurons

Question 13

these Nuerons stimulate muscles of the respiration causing

Answer 13

inspiration and expiration

Question 14

these respirator centers are widely located throughout the _____ and _______ ________

Answer 14

pons

medulla oblongata

Question 15

Medulla is the area of rhythmicity while pons are the area of

Answer 15

pneumotaxic

Question 16

The medullary respiratory center consist of two groups of _____ that extend throughout the length of the medulla oblongata

Answer 16

neurons

Question 17

the two groups of neurons are called

Answer 17

The dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

Question 18

The dorsal respiratory group is composed of neurons that are involved in _________ musucles of inspiration. They are most active during inspiration and are responsible for stimulating the contraction of the ________

Answer 18

stimulating

diaphragm

Question 19

The ventral respiratory group is composed of neurons that are quiesent during

Answer 19

eupnea ( normal breathing)

Question 20

the neurons primarily stimulate the external intercoastal, ________ ________ and _______ _______

Answer 20

internal intercoastal

abdominal muscle

Question 21

the pons regulates breathing by means of ________ ______, is a collection of neurons in the pons.

Answer 21

pneumotaxic center

Question 22

Some of the neurons are active during _______, some during __________ and some during both.

Answer 22

inspiration

expiration

Question 23

pneumotaxic neurons control the rate of

Answer 23

breathing

Question 24

Air is a mixture of gases, each of which contributes a share called its _______ _______ , to the total atmospheric pressure.

Answer 24

Partial pressure

Question 25

Partial pressure is abbreviated __ | The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide is symbolized as ____ and ____ respectively

Answer 25

P | PO2 and CO2

Question 26

The factors that affect breathing rate and depth include PO2, PCO2 and ____ body fluids, the degree to which the lung tissue are stretched and emotional state .

Answer 26

ph

Question 27

Chemoreceptors in the brainstem and arteries monitor _____ __, ____ , _____ levels.

Answer 27

blood ph Co2 O2

Question 28

these receptors transmit signals to the respiratory centers that adjust pulmonary breathing to keep blood ph, Co2, and O2 within _______ limits.

Answer 28

homeostatic

Question 29

What are the two types of chemoreceptors called ?

Answer 29

Central chemoreceptors or chemosensitive area | peripheral chempreceptors

Question 30

Central chemoreceptors are found within the brainstem (respiratory center) located in the ventral portion of the medulla oblongata near the origins of the _____ nerves. They are influenced by H+ rather then ____

Answer 30

Vagus | CO2

Question 31

These type of chemoreceptors are very sensitive to changes in PCO2 and blood PH. If PCO2 or the H+ concentration rises, these receptors signal the respiratory center and breathing _________

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in the

Answer 32

Carotid and Aortic bodies

Question 33

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the walls of the

Answer 33

Carotid sinuses and Aortic arch

Question 34

changes in the blood PO2 are primarily sensed by these chemoreceptors but blood PCO2 and pH have less affect on peripheral chemoreceptors. when PO2 reaches very low level, the peripheral receptors are stimulated, thereby transmitting impulses to the respiratory center, these lead to increase in breathing rate and TV, thus increasing ________ breathing .

Answer 34

alveolar

Question 35

peripheral chemoreceptors - other factors affect breathing include

Answer 35

an inlation reflex which helps regulate the depth of breathing. it also helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

Question 36

emotional upset, __________ triggers by anxiety causes CO2 to be expelled from the body faster than it is produced .

Answer 36

hyperventilation

Question 37

__________ can be brought under control by having a person to rebreath under the expired CO2 from a paper bag

Answer 37

hyperventilation

Question 38

alveolar gas exchange is the process of ___ loading and ___ unloading in the lungs. They are the site of gas exchange between the ______ and the ______.

Answer 38

O2 CO2 air blood

Question 39

structures that are involved in alveolar gas exchange

Answer 39

alveolar respiratory membrane diffusion through the respiratory membrane

Question 40

alveoli are microscopic air sacs of the

Answer 40

lung

Question 41

alveoli contain tiny openings around their wall called ______ ______ through which air pass from one a;veolus to another

Answer 41

alveolar pores

Question 42

phygocitytic cells called ________ ________ are in alveoli and in the pores connecting the air sacs.

Answer 42

alveolar macrophages

Question 43

alveolar macrophages main function is to engulf ______ agents , including _______ thereby cleaning the alveoli

Answer 43

airborn | bacteria

Question 44

respiratory membrane of the lungs is where gas exchange between the ____ and _______ takes place

Answer 44

air | blood

Question 45

respiratory membrane is mainly formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding __________ ____________

Answer 45

pulmonary capillaries

Question 46

the _________ memebrane is very thin to facilitate the diffusion of gases

Answer 46

respiratory

Question 47

the respiratory membrane consist or made of epithelial cells such as : a)_______ _____ (typeII) that secrete surfactant (lipoproteins) and b) type I cells.

Answer 47

Alveolar cells

Question 48

diffusion through the respiratory membrane, respiratory membrane is normally quite thin, 1um thick and gas exchange is ______

Answer 48

rapid.

Question 49

factors that influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane include :

Answer 49

a) thickness of the membrane b) the diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane c) the surface area of the membrane d) the difference of the partial pressures of the gas between the two sides of the membrane

Question 50

diffusion coefficient is a measure of how easily a gas diffuses through a _______ or _______, taken into account that the solubility of the gas in liquid and size of gas in molecule (MW)

Answer 50

LIQUID | TISSUE