Respiration

Question 1

What is the purpose of gas exchange?

Answer 1

To gain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body

Question 2

What is the composition of air?

Answer 2

Oxygen=21%, Nitrogen=78%, CO2=0.04%

Question 3

By what process do gasses move?

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

What is diffusion?

Answer 4

Ions of molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane

Question 5

What is Flick’s Law?

Answer 5

R=DxA(difference between)p/d
The rate of diffusion = diffusion constant X area diffusion takes place times difference in partial pressure over the distance across which diffusion takes place

Question 6

What leads to an increase in diffusion?

Answer 6

Large surface area, small distance travelled and high concentration gradient

Question 7

Gas exchange needs a _____ surface

Answer 7

Moist

Question 8

Which is a better respiratory medium, air or water? Why?

Answer 8

Air as it has higher O2 concentration and is easier to ventilate

Question 9

In water, as temperature increases, the oxygen content _______

Answer 9

Decreases

Question 10

How are small animals able to exchange gases at the body surface?

Answer 10

Due to a large surface area to volume ratio

Question 11

What does the structure of gas exchange surfaces depend on?

Answer 11

Size of the organism, habitat (water/land), metabolic demands of the organism (high/moderate/low)

Question 12

How does respiration occur in flatworms?

Answer 12

Diffusion through body surface, due to small size

Question 13

In gastropods, what is the respiratory protein that transports O2?

Answer 13

Hemocyanin, hemoglobin in a few species

Question 14

How does respiration occur in cephalopods?

Answer 14

Water is drawn into the cavity behind the mantle where it reaches the gills; excess water pushed out by siphon

Question 15

How does respiration occur in annelid worms?

Answer 15

Diffusion through skin, or gill filaments in some aquatic species

Question 16

In annelids, what respiratory proteins transport O2?

Answer 16

Hemoglobin or chlorocruorin

Question 17

What type of breathing apparatus does a spider have?

Answer 17

Book lung, bringing air in to mix with haemolymph from circulatory system, and trachea

Question 18

How does respiration occur in insects?

Answer 18

Air travels through spiracles (holes on body surface) to give O2 to cells directly

Question 19

How does respiration occur in crustaceans?

Answer 19

Internal gills attached to basal segments of legs

Question 20

How do mosquito larvae get air?

Answer 20

Via a posterior siphon that comes out of the water surface, gaining contact with air

Question 21

What are biological gills? What animals are they found in?

Answer 21

Tracheated cuticular extensions from the body, seen in mayfly nymphs

Question 22

What are rectal tracheated gills? What animals are they found in?

Answer 22

Opening into the rectal area with internal gills alog the walls, seen in dragonfly nymphs

Question 23

What are physical gills? What animals are they seen in?

Answer 23

Animal keeps an air bubble to allow diffusion to take place between the bubble and water, seen in aquatic beetles and bugs

Question 24

What is the oxygen transport protein in vertebrates?

Answer 24

Haemoglobin

Question 25

What phases are involved in fish respiration?

Answer 25

Suction pump phase - mouth opens and buccal cavity expands letting in water; Pressure pump phase - mouth closes and buccal cavity contracts pushing water out past the gills

Question 26

In fish, what do gill arches do?

Answer 26

Support the primary lamellae (gill filaments)

Question 27

In fish, what does ram ventilation consist of?

Answer 27

The mouth is kept slightly open while the fish swims, continually pushing water passed the gills

Question 28

How does the structure in elasmobranch gills differ from other fish?

Answer 28

They have septa

Question 29

Where can gas exchange in an amphibian lung take place?

Answer 29

On the outer surface only

Question 30

How do amphibians minimise the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated air?

Answer 30

Inhaled air is kept in the buccal cavity while air is exhaled; the inhaled air is then able to enter lung

Question 31

In amphibians, low oxygen levels leads to an increase in _________

Answer 31

Skin surface area

Question 32

How does respiration occur in amphibian larvae?

Answer 32

Gills

Question 33

How does a snake's respiratory system differ from other reptiles?

Answer 33

Usually only use one lung (right); the left is not present or reduced

Question 34

How do reptile and mammal alvioli differ?

Answer 34

Reptilian alvioli are larger and fewer in number

Question 35

Turtles are unable to move their ribs. How to they push air out of the lungs?

Answer 35

Use their forelimbs and pectoral girdle

Question 36

What is teh hepatic piston method of ventilation used by crocodilians?

Answer 36

The liver is pulled back using muscles, pulling the lungs back and expanding

Question 37

What is characteristic of bird respiratory systems?

Answer 37

The presence of air sacs