Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A2 BIOLOGY (PAPER 2) > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

(52 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Give the chemical equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Atp —–> ADP + Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is ATP made when energy can come from chemical potential energy from within organic molecules ?

A

It is more manageable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give uses of ATP

A 
Active transport 
Endo/exocytosis 
Protein synthesis 
DNA replication 
Cell division 
Movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic build larger molecules from small ones

Catabolic break large molecules to smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type pf bond forms between phosphate groups in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is ATP easily broken down?

A

Negative charges between the phosphate groups causes easy repulsion
Readily broken by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many ATP is formed from glycolysis , what is the net gain

A

4 but 2 used in first step therefore net gain is 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many molecules of NAD are reduced in glycolysis?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give the five steps of glycolysis by naming the substances present

A 
Glucose 
Glucose phosphate (uses one ATP)
Hexose Bisphosphate (uses another ATP)
Two triose phosphates 
Two pyruvates (releases 2 ATP and 1 NADH each )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is it beneficial to respire anaerobically?

A

Because this recycles NADH to NAD, this means that NAD can be imput back into glycolysis which creates another 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does the Cristae of the mitochondria have a large surface area?

A

More ATP synthase molecules

More electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How and where is pyruvate moved to for the link reaction?

A

To the matrix of the mitochondria by H+ symport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a symport protein?

A

A protein carrier that takes two substrates in the same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the link reaction

A 
Pyruvate is decarboxylated 
reduces an NAD to NADH
froms an acetyl group
Coenzyme A joins the acetyl group 
Makes acetyl coneznyme A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Per molecule of glucose what is made in link reaction?

A

2 NADH 2CO2

2 AcetylCoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_______level phosphorylation occurs in the krebs cycle.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give the total number of substances formed by the Krebs cycle

A

6NADH
2FADH
4 CO2
2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the process that occurs in the electron carrier chain

A

Electrons go to first carrier
Reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+
Electron leaves Fe2+ reoxidised to Fe3+
Energy is released
Energy allows electron carriers to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
H+ gradient is formed
H+ re enter the matrix through ATP synthase
Causes the production of ATP
H+ meet with electrons and oxygen to form water to maintain the gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do NADH and FADH give rise to ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

They provide the hydrogen

And the electrons which split from the hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why may the theorteical yield not be met by respiration?

Study These Flashcards
A

ATP is used to activelt transport pyruvate to the mitochondrial matrix
Some protons are lost

22
Q

What would happen if oxygen wasnt avaliable for respiration?

Study These Flashcards
A 
H+ and e- wouldn't form water 
Concentration gradient would be is steep
Wouldn't diffuse through ATP synthase 
NADH and FADH wouldn't off load hydorgen
Krebs and link would stop
23
Q

What is purpose of aneronbic respiration?

Study These Flashcards
A

To convert the reduced NAD back to NAD
Which can be reinputted into glycolysis
Produce more ATP

24
Q

O2 becomes available after anaerobic respirations had what two things may happen to lactate?

Study These Flashcards
A

Returned to pyruvate an added to the link reaction

Recycled to glucose

25
Why is lactic acid removed from the muscles when possible?
Acidic conditions damage proteins
26
How is the rate of respiration measured?
Respirometer
27
Describe the parts of a respirometer
Two jars Connected by a manometer One jar has a respiring tissue and a CO2 absorber The other jar has an inert object the same volume of occupying the same volume as respiring stuff amd CO2 absorbant
28
Describe what will happen in a respirometer over time as the respiring tissue has respired
O2 used by organism CO2 absorbed Gas volume reduced, reduces pressure Liquid in manometer is pulled towards respiring jar
29
How can you calculate the volume of O2 used by the respirometer?
Distance moved by liquid in manometer X piR^2
30
Why in a respirometer must the temperature be between 10-40 degrees?
Unethical | As organisms may be in pain or
31
If investigating anaerobic respiration with yeast what can you use as your dependant variable?
The rate of reproduction is relative to the rate of respiration Count the number of cells before and after
32
Give the respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O
33
Give in four steps the series of events that occurs in respiration
Glycolysis Link reaction Krebs cycle Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
34
Describe glycolysis
Glucose phosphoylated (2x ATP used) Lowers activation energy so hexose bisphosphate split to triose phosphate Triose phosphate is oxidised, to pyruvate. NAD is reduced NADH In the process 2 ATP produced per triose phosphate
35
Net gain of ATP in glycolysis
2
36
Describe the link reaction
Pyruvate actively transported from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate oxidised by NAD = NADH Pyruvate carboxylated = acetyl group Acetyl combines with enzyme CoA producing acetyl CoA
37
Where does the krebs cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
38
Where does the link reaction occur?
The mitochondrial matrix
39
Give all the steps of the krebs cycle
Acetyl fixed to oxaloacetate forming citrate Citrate decarboxylated and dehydrogenated (CO2 produced, NAD accepts hydrogen - NADH) Repeated to form a four carbon molecule Substrate level phosphorylation produces ATP 4 carbon molecule oxidised further - FAD and NAD Enzymes rearrange make oxaloacetate again
40
What are NAD and FAD examples of? How do they work?
Coenzymes | Work with dehydrogenase enzymes which catakyse the removal of hydrogen
41
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Why here?
Inner mitochondrial membrane | Folden cristae membrane has ATP synthase carrier proteins
42
Give adaptations of the mitochondrial membrane to improve the rate of the electron transfer chain
Tight folding of the inner matrix more surface area therefore more atp synthase molecules
43
Describe oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH relase their hydrogens (oxidation) Hydrogen splits into an electron and a proton Fe3+ in a carrier protein picks up electron (reduced) forms Fe2+ Then oxidation occurs Fe2+ ---> Fe3+ + e- Energy transfered during redox Active pumping of H+ Creates a concentration gradient H+ can only get into the matrix through ATP synthase proteins ATp synthase produces ATP when a proton passes through
44
What happens to the H+ and electrons when they meet at the end of the electron transport chain
Combine with water to form H2O
45
Describe how cyanide works as a posion
Non competitive inhibitor of the enzyme responsible for catalysing 2H+ + 2e- ---> H2O H+ therefore isnt removed No concentration gradient No moving of H+ so no ATP so no respiration
46
Describe how anaerobic conditions prevent oxidative phosphorylation and therefore the Krebs cycle.
Protons wont combine with water They wont be removed No gradient No diffusion = No oxidative phosphorylation Therefore no oxidation of NADH to NAD NAD must be recyled for use in the krebs cycle
47
How does glycolysis occur in anerobic conditions?
Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid (or ethanol in yeast) The reduction means a complementary oxidation must be occurring The NADH is oxidised Hence recyled back to NAD
48
How does lactic acid damage proteins?
Partially dissociates More protons present Effects tertiary structure of proteins as protons disrupt hydrogen bonding
49
The ATP yield of anaerobic respiration is _____ of the aerobic yield
1/15
50
How are amino acids used in respiration?
Deaminatated | Converted to glucose
51
How are lipids used in respiration?
Triglyceride hydrolysed to glycerol which is converted to glucose
52
Give the net ATP gain of each stage of respiration (per glucose) State the total and give reasons as to why this may not be accurate
``` Glycolysis 2 Krebs 2 Oxidative phosphorylation 32-34 Around 38 total But active transport to matrix for pyruvate requires ATP ```

A2 BIOLOGY (PAPER 2) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions