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respiration > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

the trachea is incomplete rings of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

what is the trachea lined with?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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3
Q

how many lobes do cats dogs and horses have?

A

7 - 4 right and 3 left

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4
Q

the right and left lung are both divided into cranial or apical, middle or cardiac and what?

A

caudal and diaphragmatic

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5
Q

where is the accessory lobe?

A

the middle and commonly said to be on the right

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6
Q

lungs are spongy elastic organs made of?

A

areolor, loose connective tissue

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7
Q

the bronchioles are said to be?

A

catilaginous

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8
Q

where does gaseous exchange take place?

A

alveolar sacs

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9
Q

what species are obligate nasal breathers?

A

horse and rabbit

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10
Q

what supports the dorsal and lateral aspects of the nostril in a horse?

A

alar cartilages

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11
Q

the alar fold does what?

A

divides nostril into dorsal and ventral - horse

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12
Q

what is another name for turbinate bones?

A

conchae

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13
Q

the larynx is comprised of 4 cartilages in a horse, what are they?

A

epiglottis, 2 arytenoids cartilages, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage

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14
Q

the accessory lobe is attached to what in a horse?

A

base of the right lung

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15
Q

what are the main functions of respiration?

A

carry oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body

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16
Q

which muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

17
Q

which muscles are used in expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles

18
Q

name the 4 muscles involved in respiration?

A

external intercostal muscles, diaphragm, internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

19
Q

where are the respiratory centres located?

A

hind brain, in the pons and medulla

20
Q

what do receptors control?

A

rate and depth or respiration

21
Q

what are the 3 main sites where chemoreceptors detect partial pressure?

A

carotid body, aortic body, medulla

22
Q

what are the 2 nerves that transmit information to the medulla?

A

vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

23
Q

what causes activity of the respiratory centre?

A

increase of c02 or decrease in p02

24
Q

what receptors are responsible for preventing over inflation of the lungs?

A

stretch receptors

25
Q

what is the mechanism called to prevent over inflating of lungs?

A

hering-breuer reflex

26
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air that is either breathed in or out in one breath

27
Q

total amount of air that moves in or out of the airways and alveoli in 1 minute is?

A

minute volume

28
Q

what is the volume of air left following normal expiration called?

A

functional residual captivity

29
Q

lungs take in more air than normal?

A

vital capacity

30
Q

small amount of air left in lungs following death?

A

minimal air

31
Q

take in more air into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration?

A

inspiratory reserve volume

32
Q

forcing some of the air out of the lungs by using thoracic and abdominal muscles?

A

expiratory reserve volume

33
Q

total volume of air present in lungs?

A

total lung capacity

34
Q

the volume of air left in the lungs after expiration?

A

residual volume

35
Q

what is the area within the respiratory system where gaseous exchange is not taking place?

A

dead space

36
Q

what percentage is oxygen in the lungs?

A

21%

37
Q

de-oxygenated blood arrives and C02 diffuses into the air in the lungs, air in the lungs which contain high levels of 02 diffuses into blood, expired air contains 4% c02 and 17% 02- what is this known as?

A

pulmonary exchange

respiration (1 decks)

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