Respiration Flashcards
(50 cards)
what are the 4 stages of respiration?
1) glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
2) Link Reaction in mitochondrial matrix
3) Krebs cycle mitochondrial matrix
4) ETC cristae of mitochondria
what do aerobic prokaryotes use their cell membrane for
to perform oxidative phosphorylation which uses oxygen
in anaerobic only glycolysis is produced
what is the function of the outer membrane of the mitochondria
contains transport proteins that enable the shuttling of pyruvate from the cytosol
what is the function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
contains the ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation
what is the function of the cristae on the inner membrane?
arranged in folds to increase the SA:V ratio
more space for ETC
what is the function of the interembrane space
membranes maximises hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation
what is the function of the matrix
cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to occur.
why is the intermembrane space very small?
maximises more rapid generation of a proton motive force/ quickly accumulate protons
what does the matrix contain
appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle
In Glycolysis:
what is the reactant
glucose (6C compound)
In Glycolysis:
ATP reacts with glucose to make an unstable compound which immediately spilts into what?
and what is the name of the unstable 6C compound
(phosphorylation)
hexose bisphosphate is unstable
splits into 2 3C molecules called triosphosphate
what is the ATP molecule at the start of glycolysis acting as
a coenzyme (carries a group)
what are the products of glycolysis
x2 ATP
x2 NADH+ H+
x2 Pyruvate
what is the phosphorylation stage of glycolysis
hexose sugar is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP. this forms hexose bisphosphate which is less stable and more reactive.
this prevents diffusion out of cell
ATP primes the process
what is the lysis stage of glycolysis
the hexose bisphosphate 6C sugar is split and further phosphorylation occurs from inorganic phosphate ions (P i) (in the cytosol)
two triose phosphates 3C sugars formed
what is the oxidation/dehydrogenation phase of glycolysis
the 3rd stage of glycolysis
hydrogen atoms are removed from the 3C sugars via oxidation/dehydrogenation to reduce NAD+ to NADH(H+)
x2 NADH produced in total from the two triose phosphates
what is the ATP formation stage of glycolysis
some energy released from sugar intermediates is used to directly synthesise ATP
this is called substrate level phosphorylation
x4 molecules ATP made during glycolysis
what is substrate level phosphorylation
doesnt use oxygen but uses substrate glucose instead
bonds are providing the energy for reaction, (not from protons being pumped across a membrane through a ATP synthase pump)
what is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis
2 as 4 are made but 2 were used at the start
availability of oxygen affects what happens to the pyruvate following glycolysis:
if aerobic…..
if anaerobic….
aerobic- aerobic respiration continues and further ATP production continues (34 ATP)
anaerobic respiration/fermentation occurs no ATP is produced (pyruvate without oxygen)
where does the link reaction occur in prokaryotes
cytoplasm and eventually moves to membrane
what is the process that occurs in the Link reaction
oxidative decarboxylation
the link reaction is the first aerobic stage in aerobic respiration
how does pyruvate get from the cytosol into the mitochondiral matrix?
by active transport via carrier proteins on the membrane
when oxygen is available what does it cause in the link reaction
further oxidation of the sugar molecules for a greater yield of ATP
