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Respiration-Aerobic Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Respiration.

A

A series of metabolic pathways that convert the chemical potential energy in food into the chemical potential energy in ATP

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2
Q

Roughly how many molecules of ATP is glucose broken down into?

A

30

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3
Q

Step Processes in Aerobic Respiration

A

-Glycolysis
-Link Reaction
-Krebs Cycle
-Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

Step Processes in Anaerobic Respiration

A

-Glycolysis
-Fermentation

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5
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Splitting 6C glucose (hexose sugar) into two 3C Pyruvate

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6
Q

What is Link Reaction?

A

3C Pyruvate into 2C Acetyl coA + CO2

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7
Q

What is Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Cycle of reactions producing CO2, ATP and H

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8
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

H combines with O2 to form H2O. More ATP produced

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9
Q

Stage one in Glycolysis

A

Activating the Glucose

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10
Q

Activating the Glucose

A

-Addition of 2 phosphate molecules provided by ATP
-Glucose is made more reactive
-Also prevents glucose being transported across plasma membrane and out of the cell

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11
Q

What is the resultant molecule from step one which is then split in step two?

A

Hexose Biphosphate

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12
Q

Stage Two in Glycolysis

A

Splitting the Phosphorylated Hexose

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13
Q

Splitting the Phosphorylated Hexose

A

-The 6C molecule is split into two 3C molecules called Triose Phosphate

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14
Q

Stage Three in Glycolysis

A

Oxidation of triose where hydrogen is transferred to a carrier molecule, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, forming reduced NAD

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15
Q

Stage Four in Glycolysis

A

-Production of the 3C molecule called Pyruvate
-Another phosphate is added to each triose. Both phosphates are then transferred to ADP to give 2 molecules of ATP

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16
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

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17
Q

What is Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

A

-2 nucleotides joined via their phosphate groups
-One contains nitrogenous base, adenine
-Is a coenzyme

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18
Q

Equation for formation and breakdown of NAD to Reduced NAD

A

NAD ⇌ Reduced NAD

-hydrogen in for formation of rNAD
-hydrogen out in return from rNAD to NAD

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19
Q

What is glycolysis yield?

A

Each molecules of glucose entering glycolysis:
-2 molecules of ATP
-2 molecules of reduced NAD
-2 molecules of Pyruvate

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

-In every living organism
-In the cytoplasm of cells

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21
Q

Why is glycolysis part of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Doesn’t require oxygen

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22
Q

How much energy does glycolysis produce?

A

Small amount

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23
Q

Why is it okay that glycolysis only produces a small amount of energy?

A

Most organisms use O2 to breakdown Pyruvate further, in the Kreb’s Cycle

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24
Q

What happens to pyruvate in aerobic respiration?

A

Is actively transported into the matrix of mitochondria

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25
What happens to the pyruvate in the matrix of mitochondria? | Link Reaction
Undergoes a series of reactions catalysed by a multi-enzyme complex
26
What happens in the multi-enzyme complex? | Link Reaction
-Decarboxylation (removal of CO2) -Dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen) -Combination with a carrier molecule called Coenzyme A (Acetyl)
27
What is the link reaction?
The series of reactions in the mitochondria
28
What is the link reaction controlled by?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
29
How many times does the link reaction happen for each molecule of glucose?
2
30
Why is Acetyl coA important?
Carried the acetyl group made from pyruvate into the Krebs Cycle
31
What can be converted into Acetyl coA?
Most respiratory substrates -carbohydrates --> Acetyl coA -fats --> fatty acids + glycerol -glycerol --> glycerol-3- phosphate --> Acetyl coA -fatty acids -->2C fragments --> Acetyl coA
32
The conversion of respiratory substrates is reversible. What does this mean?
Excess carbohydrates --> fats (via Acetyl coA)
33
What is Link Reaction Yield?
Each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis: -2 molecules of CO2 -2 molecules of reduced NAD -2 molecules of Acetyl coA
34
What is Krebs Cycle?
A series of 9 steps that take place in the mitochondrial matrix
35
What happens in the 9 steps of the Krebs Cycle?
-Acetyl coA from link reaction is broken down in CO2 -More hydrogen atoms are produced to be used later to make more ATP
36
What is the first step in the Krebs Cycle?
-Acetate is released from CoA (2C) -CoA transports acetate from link reaction to krebs
37
What is the second step in the Krebs Cycle?
Acetate joins with oxaloacetate which combine to form citrate which is a 6C molecule
38
What is the thid step in the Krebs Cycle?
-Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated so it loses a carboxyl group -Forms a 5C molecules -CO2 is released in the processes as well as 2 H's which are accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD
39
What is the 5C molecule called and what is it?
Ketoglutarate and is an intermediate compound
40
What is the fourth step in the Krebs Cycle?
-5C molecule is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated -Forms a 4C molecule -NAD accepts the lost hydrogen forming another reduced NAD
41
What is the fifth step in the Krebs Cycle?
-First 4C molecule is converted into a second 4C molecule -First 4C gives a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
42
What is the sixth step in the Krebs Cycle?
-Second 4C molecule is converted into third 4C molecules -2 hydrogen's released and accepted by FAD making reduced FAD
43
What is the seventh step in the Krebs Cycle?
-Third 4C molecule is dehydrogenated which reforms the oxaloacetate -Releases a pair of hydrogen atoms, making reduced NAD
44
What is the eighth step in the Krebs Cycle?
Cycle is completed and is repeated
45
What is Krebs Cycle Yield?
Each molecule of Acetyl coA entering Krebs Cycle: -2 molecules of CO2 -3 molecules of reduced NAD -1 molecule of reduced FAD -1 molecules of ATP
46
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
-Last stage of aerobic respiration -In inner mitochondrial membrane -Results in the production of many molecules of ATP and the production of water from oxygen
47
What does the inner membrane have embedded in it?
-Electron Carrier Proteins -Stalked particles (ATP synthase)
48
What is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation?
Reduced NAD binds with election carrier 1 and as it does so, it releases it's hydrogen which immediately dissociates into H+ and e-
49
What is the second step in oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ are pumped out of the matrix into the inter-membranal space against a concentration gradient by electron carrier 1
50
What happens at the same time as step 2?
Electron carrier 1 passes the e- to electron carrier 2
51
What is the third step in oxidative phosphorylation?
e- are passed from one membrane bound carrier to another (2 to 3 then 3 to 4)
52
What also happens in the third step?
More H+ might be pumped out from the matrix into the inter-membranal spaces as some carriers are H+ pumps
53
What are the conditions like after the third step?
Very acidic due to high concentration of H+ creating a concentration and electrical gradient across the inner membrane
54
What is the fourth step in oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ diffuses back into thee matrix through stalked particles, generating ATP
55
What is the fifth step in oxidative phosphorylation?
H+ and e- rejoin and combine with oxygen to produce water
56
What is the stalked particle called?
ATPase (ATP Synthase)
57
ATPase (Stalked Particle)
-Headpiece rotated which catalysed the reaction -Proton channels lets electrons through -ATP Synthesis= ADP + Pi --> ATP
58
What would happen without oxygen as the final H+ and e- acceptor in the chain?
H+ and e- would back up along the chain, reduced NAD and FAD would not become re-oxidised and respiration would stop
59
How much energy does each molecule of ATP give out when its hydrolysed to ADP?
30.6 kJmol-1
60
What is the theoretical maximum energy in a molecule of glucose?
2870 kJmol-1
61
How efficient is aerobic respiration?
32%
62
How are carbohydrates respired?
-Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) can be hydrolysed to glucose and respired -Other carbohydrates can be converted to glucose and respired
63
How are lipids respired?
-Triglycerides can be hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol -Glycerol converted to glucose and respired -Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to feed directly to Krebs
64
What is beta oxidation?
Breaks long hydrocarbon fatty acid chains into 2 carbon Acetyl groups which are attached to CoA and are fed into Krebs cycle as CoA
65
How are proteins respired?
-Excess amino acids are deaminated -Remaining keto acid is converted to glycogen or fat and stored -Keto acid may be converted to respiration intermediates depending on size of R group

Biology-Energy for Biological Processes (1 decks)

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