Respiration and Gas Exchange

Question 1

What is the structure of the thorax?

Answer 1

Ribs
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchi (pl)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Plural membranes

Question 2

What is the function of the ribs?

Answer 2

Bone structure , protects internal organs (e.g: lungs)

Question 3

What is the function of intercostal muscles?

Answer 3

Muscles between ribs, control their movement causing INGALATION + EXHALATION.

Question 4

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 4

Sheet of connective tissue + muscle at bottom of thorax

- helps change volume of thorax to allow INHALAITION + EXHALATION

Question 5

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 5

Windpipe that connects mouth + nose to lungs

Question 6

What is the function of the Bronchi (pl)

Answer 6

Large tubes branching off trachea with single bronchiole for each lung

Question 7

What are the bronchioles?

Answer 7

Bronchi split into smaller tubes (BRONCHIOLES) in lungs connected to alveoli

Question 8

What is the function of alveoli?

Answer 8

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place.

Question 9

What is the function of pleural membranes?

Answer 9

Stick outside of lungs to inside of chest cavity.

- so lungs follow CHEST MOVEMENTE, lubricates lungs to REDUCE FRICTION.

Question 10

Describe the role of intercostal muscles + diaphragm in ventilation?

Answer 10

When we need to INCREASE gas exchange, intercostal muscles will also work to pull ribs up + out + INCREASE VOLUME OF THORAX.

Question 11

What happens to the pressure inside of lungs when the volume of the thorax increases?

Answer 11

As volume of thorax increases, pressure inside lungs decreases
- once it drops below air pressure outside lungs, AIR IS FORCED IN.

Question 12

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during EXHALATION?

Answer 12

They contract

Question 13

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during EXHALATION?

Answer 13

They relax

Question 14

Describe what happens during exhalation

Answer 14

• internal intercostal muscles contract
• external intercostal muscles relax
• ribcage moves down + in
• diaphragm relaxes + becomes dome-shaped
• volume of thorax decreases
• pressure inside thorax increases
• AIR IS FORCED OUT

Question 15

Describe what happens during inhalation

Answer 15

• internal intercostal muscles relax
• external intercostal mucles contract
• ribcage moves up + out
• diaphragm contracts + flattens
• volume of thorax increases
• pressure inside thorax decreases
• AIR IS DRAWN IN

Question 16

What are alveoli?

Answer 16

Gas exchange surface of the lungs

Question 17

What are the adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange?

Answer 17

LARGE SURFACE AREA
THIN WALLS
MOIST SURFACE
GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY
PERMEABLE

Question 18

Why do alveoli have a LARGE SURFACE AREA?

Answer 18

Allow faster diffusion of gases across surface

Question 19

Why do alveoli have THIN WALLS?

Answer 19

Ensure diffusion distances are short

Question 20

Why do alveoli have a MOIST SURFACE?

Answer 20

So gases can dissolve + diffuse easily

Question 21

Why do alveoli have a GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY?

Answer 21

To mantain a high concentration gradient so diffusion occurs faster

Question 22

Why are alveoli PERMEABLE?

Answer 22

to gases, allows gases to pass through

Question 23

When air is inhaled, from where to where is oxygen diffused?

Answer 23

From alveoli into the blood to be used for respiration by body cells.

Question 24

What is respiration?

Answer 24

Process that releases energy into every living cell of every organism

Question 25

Why is energy in respiration important?

Answer 25

``` Energy is essential for keeping cell alive as it powers processes such as: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS GROWTH REPAIR CELL DIVISION ```

Question 26

How does the process of respiration produce ATP in living organisms?

Answer 26

once glucose molecule is broken apart, energy stored in bonds is released + then (LOCKED UP) in bomds of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 27

How is the energy released by ATP?

Answer 27

ATP releases energy from its bonds very quickly ---> this is why it is used as energy carrying molecules in cells.

Question 28

What is ATP?

Answer 28

a molecule - adenosine triphosphate, which provides energy for cells

Question 29

What is the WORD EQUATION for aerobic respiration?

Answer 29

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water

Question 30

What is the BALANCEED SYMBOL EQUATION for aerobic respiration?

Answer 30

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 31

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 31

the complete breakdown of glucose to release a relatively large amount of energy for use in cell proceses.

Question 32

What is the energy in aerobic respiration for?

Answer 32

- TO KEEP WARM IN COLD - TO BUILD LARGE MOLECULES USING SMALL ONES - ACTIVE TRANSPORT - move materials against concentration gradient. - TO MAKE MUSCLES CONTRACT

Question 33

Differences between aerobic + anaerobic respiration

Answer 33

``` AEROBIC: O2 needed Glucose breakdown complete Products -> CO2 + H2O Energy released is a lot ``` ``` ANAEROBIC: O2 not needed Glucose breakdown is incomplete Products --> animal cells(lactic acid) , plant cells + yeast(CO2 + ETHANOL) energy released is a little ```

Question 34

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 34

Lactic acid

Question 35

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells + yeast?

Answer 35

CO2 + ETHANOL

Question 36

What are the effects of anaerobic respiration on the body?

Answer 36

-during anaerobic respiration, muscle cells use sugar to make ATP but dont use oxygen (this process produces lactate, quickly converted to lactic acid, making muscles burn)

Question 37

What effect can lactic acid have on the body

Answer 37

makes muscles burn | makes it harder to exercise

Question 38

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in ANIMALS

Answer 38

GLUCOSE --> LACTIC ACID

Question 39

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in PLANTS + YEAST

Answer 39

GLUCOSE --> ETHANOL + CARBON DIOXIDE