Respiration and Phonation Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is Respiration
A
Exchange of gases between and organism and the environment
Air flows into lungs and if forced out
Can be passive (quiet) or active
2
Q
What is Inspiration
A
Inhaling, breathing in
Air rushes into lungs until outside and inside pressures are equal
Brings oxygen to the cells of the body
3
Q
What is expiration
A
Exhaling, breathing out
Thorax relaxes, resulting in positive pressure in the lungs causing air to rush out
Eliminates waste products (CO2)
4
Q
Pressure
A
P=F/A
5
Q
pressure inside a container is greater than atmospheric pressure
A
positive pressure
6
Q
pressure inside a container is less than atmospheric pressure
A
negative pressure
7
Q
What is Boyle’s Law
A
if gas is kept at a constant temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional to one another
8
Q
3 major structures of respiration
A
Vertebral Column
Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles
Ribs
9
Q
Hole for the spinal cord in the vertebrae
A
vertebral foramen
10
Q
prominent projection of vertebrae directed dorsally
A
spinous process
11
Q
process of vertebrae that protrudes laterally
A
transverse processes
12
Q
anterior “body” portion of vertebrae
A
corpus
13
Q
vertebrae sit on top of each other by means of this
A
articular facets
14
Q
spaces between the superior and inferior articular facets which allow spinal nerves to enter and exit on either side of the vertebrae
A
intravertebral foramina
15
Q
found only in the cervical vertebrae and allow for the passage of the vertebral artery
A
tranverse foramina
16
Q
larger than cervical or thoracic vertebrae, provide points of attachment for many back and abdominal muscles, and for posterior fibers of diaphragm
A
lumbar vertebrae
17
Q
what makes up the pelvic girdle
A
Ilium
Sacrum
Pubic Bone
Ischium
18
Q
What does the pelvic girdle do for the respiratory system?
A
place of attachment for abdominal muscles and provides support/attachment for legs
19
Q
What is the pectoral girdle composed of?
A
Clavicle
Scapula
20
Q
Where does the clavicle attach and what is it’s common name?
A
Collarbone
Attaches proximally to the sternum and distally to the scapula
21
Q
What is the scapula? Where does it attach?
A
Shoulder Blade
Attaches medially to the clavicle, and is a point of attachment for the humerus
22
Q
What are the 4 components of a rib?
A
Head
Neck
Shaft
Angle
23
Q
What is the head of the rib?
A
Section that articulates with the spinal column
24
Q
What is the “angle” of a rib?
A
point at which the curve begins
25
How many true ribs are there? Where do they attach?
7
| Attach posteriorly to vertebral column, have a costal cartilage where they attaches to the sternum
26
What are the false ribs? Where to they connect?
Ribs 8-10
| Connect posteriorly to the vertebral column, and to other ribs through cartilage
27
What is different about a false rib than a true rib?
They do not attach directly to the sternum
28
Which ribs are floating ribs? What is special about them?
Ribs 11-12
| Connected posteriorly to the vertebral column, they have no anterior connection
29
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process (Ensiform process)
30
Where does the sternum connect? What connects to it?
Connects laterally to the clavicle, true ribs attach to the sternum
31
What happens to the ribs during inhalation?
Thoracic cavity increases in 3 planes
Transverse diameter increased by raising of the curved ribs
Anterior-Posterior diameter increased by forward and upward mvmt. of sternum
32
What allows rib movement during breathing?
Costal Cartilage
33
What makes up the "respiratory tract"
Nasal cavity, Oral cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, Bronchi
34
What is considered the "nasal cavity"
from nares to pharynx, where air enters during restful breathing
35
What is considered the "oral cavity"
from lips to pharynx, primarily used during effortful respiration
36
What is considered the "pharyngeal cavity"
Back of nasal and oral cavities to top of larynx
37
What do the cavities do during respiration?
Filter, moisten, and warm the air
38
Tiny hair cells that line the respiratory tract from nose to bronchi
Cilia
39
What do cilia do?
beat back and forth to drive pollutants out of the lungs, can be damaged by smoke and other pollutants
40
What is the trachea?
extends from the larynx to the left and right bronchial tubes
41
How big is the trachea
11-12 cm in length and 2-2.5 cm in diameter
42
Describe the structure of the trachea
16-20 horseshoe rings made of hyaline cartilage connected by a flexible mucous membrane, opening in the back is spanned by muscle to allow dilation when oxygen supply needs to increase
43
Describe the structure of the lungs
spongy, porous, and elastic tissue with no intrinsic muscles. Passive, cannot exert force
44
Describe the lobes of the lungs
Right: 3 lobes, 2 fissures
Left: 2 lobes, 1 oblique fissure
Extra space taken up by heart and mediastinal structures
45
Region within the thorax that includes the heart, trachea, blood vessels, nerves, esophagus, and lymph vessels
Mediastinum
46
Which lung does aspirated food end up in and why?
Right, the right bronchus forms a 20-30 degree angle while the left bronchus forms a 45-55 degree angle
47
What are the bronchi?
Cartilaginous tubes that extend from the trachea to the lungs where they form the bronchial tree
48
What are the bronchioles? Describe them.
tertiary bronchi that have divided repeatedly, terminate in terminal bronchioles which connect with alveolar sacs
49
Which type of alveoli are directly involved in gas exchange?
Type I Alveoli
50
Which type of alveoli produce pulmonary surfactant that coats alveolar surfaces to decrease surface tension and keep alveoli from collapsing?
Type II
51
Plural membrane that encases the lungs
Visceral Pleural Membrane
52
Pleural membrane that is continuous with the visceral pleura and lines the rib cage and mediastinum?
Parietal Pleural Membrane
53
Lines the inner surface of the rib cage
Costal Pleura
54
Covers the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
55
What is the purpose of the pleural membranes?
To provide an airtight seal, it doesn't work if a lung is punctured
56
What is surfactant fluid and where is it?
Reduces surface tension, provides negative pressure to hold pleura together (so they move together), located between the pleura.
57
Describe the Diaphragm
primary muscle of thorax and inspiration
thin, strong, dome shaped
divides torso into thorax and abdomen
58
What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?
descends, compressing abdominal viscera downward and forward against abdominal wall, muscular portion of diaphragm shortens
59
What muscles of the neck lift the sternum and top 2 ribs?
Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenes
60
What constitutes a cycle of respiration?
1 Inspiration, 1 expiration
61
Inspiration is always an ________ process?
Active
62
Additional muscles of inspiration actively contract, expanding thoracic cavity further, and increasing the need to equalize pressure
Forced Inspiration
63
What are 2 methods of measuring respiration?
Wet Spirometer, Manometer
64
Instrument that measures volume, flow, and capacities
Wet Spirometer
65
Instrument that measures air pressure
Manometer
66
What are the 4 steps of gas exchange?
Ventilation, Distribution, Perfusion, Diffusion
67
Migration of oxygen deficient blood to capillaries that supply the alveoli
Perfusion
68
Gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane
Diffusion
69
How much air is used in one cycle of quiet respiration?
1/2 liter
70
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during any single respiratory cycle
Tidal volume
71
Volume of air which can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in a tidal volume cycle
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
72
Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a quiet or passive tidal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
73
Volume of air that remains in the lungs and airways even after a maximum exhalation (can't be measured)
Residual Volume
74
Air in the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange because there are no alveoli
Dead Space Air
75
Amount of air that can be inhaled after a maximal exhalation
Vital capacity
76
Amount of air that can be inhaled after a tidal expiration
Inspiratory Capacity
77
Amount of air in lungs after tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity
78
Amount of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of maximum inhalation, sum of all lung volumes
Total lung capacity
79
What are 5 pressures of inspiration?
```
Atmostpheric
Intraoral
Subglottal
Alveolar
Intrapleural
```
80
Pressure within the oral cavity
Intraoral pressure
81
Pressure below the vocal folds
Subglottal pressure
82
Pressure present within the individual alveolus
Alveolar pressure
83
Pressure between parietal and visceral pleura, usually negative
Intrapleural pressure
84
Throughout speech, we regulate air flow through what 3 things?
Checking action
Relaxation pressures
Expiratory muscles
85
What is checking action?
Impeding the flow of air out of inflated lungs by means of the muscles that got it there in the first place. Important for respiratory control of speech
86
What is phonation?
Process of vocal folds coming together to vibrate for the production of sound. Occurs due to combo of airflow and laryngeal muscle activation
87
What is the principle structure of phonation?
Larynx
88
What is the larynx, where is it?
Musculocartilagenous structure located in the anterior of the neck, between the trachea inferiorly and the hyoid bone superiorly
89
4 biological functions of larynx
Prevent air from escaping lungs (when closed), prevent foreign structures from entering lungs, expels foreign structures, aids in lifting (thoracic fixation for solid framework)
90
Surgical removal of larynx
Laryngectomy
91
surgically placed instrument for people to breathe through after larynx is removed
tracheostoma
92
3 main components of hyoid bone
```
Corpus
Greater Horns (cornua)
Lesser horn (cornua)
```
93
bulk of the hyoid bone, in front
Corpus
94
part of hyoid bone that extends back on either side
greater horns
95
arises at the juncture of the greater horn with the body
lesser horn
96
6 types of cartilage in the larynx
cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
97
what is the cricoid cartilage
signet ring shaped, above trachea, below thyroid
98
leaf like structure located behind the hyoid at the root of the tongue; attaches to the inside of the thyroid cartilage just below the notch
Epiglottis
99
What is the function of the epiglottis?
For swallowing, epiglottis reflexively folds over the trachea to protect the airway when swallow is triggered
100
What is the corniculate cartilage
sits atop the arytenoid cartilage, horn like shape, little known function
101
small wedge shape cartilage embedded in the aryepiglottic fold, supports membrane that covers larynx`
cueiform cartilage
102
joint that opens and closes glottis
cricoarytenoid joint
103
joint that controls pitch
cricothyroid joing
104
only 2 laryngeal joints that have function movement important for speech
Cricoarytenoid joint
| cricothyroid joint
105
what is the cricoarytenoid joint?
where the thyroid articulates with the cricoid; can achieve rocking (rotation) and gliding
106
what are the extrinsic membranes and ligaments of the larynx
thyrohyoid membrane and ligaments
hyoepiglottic ligament
glossoepiglottic ligaments
cricotracheal membrane
107
what are the intrinsic ligaments and membranes of the larynx
conus elasticus
| quadrangular membranes
108
connects lateral throid to the greater cornu of the hyoid
thyrohyoid membrane
109
connects superior cornu of thyroid to greater cornu of hyoid
lateral thyrohyoid ligament
110
connects corpus of hyoid to thyroid
median thyrohyoid ligament
111
unpaired elastic ligament that connects the hyoid bone with the anterior surface of the epiglottis
hyoepiglottic ligament
112
attaches epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage below the thyroid notch
thyroepiglottic ligament
113
what two ligaments attach the epiglottis to the larynx
hyoepiglottic ligament, thyroepiglottic ligament
114
little valleys between the tongue and epiglottis (formed by mucous membrane over ligaments)- food pools
valleculae
115
lateral and median ligaments that attach the epiglottis to the tongue
glosso-epiglottic ligaments
116
connects the cricoid above with the first tracheal ring
cricotracheal membrane
117
what are the 3 intrinsic laryngeal membranes and ligaments
quadrangular membranes
aryepiglottic folds
conus elasticus
118
paired membranes that course down from the sides of the epiglottis and thyroid to attach to the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages
quadrangular membranes
119
course from the epiglottis to each arytenoid, form the superior margins of quadrangular membranes
aryepiglottic folds
120
space between aryepiglottic folds and thyroid cartilage
pyriform
121
connects thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoids; forms upper border of vocal ligaments
conus elasticus
122
continuous with the lining of the mouth above the lining of the trachea below
mucous membrane
123
What are the 3 cavities of the larynx
glottis, supraglotta, subglottal
124
space between the ventricular folds and the true vocal folds
laryngeal ventricle
125
space between the vocal folds
glottis
126
from vocal folds to the bottom of the cricoid
subglottal cavity
127
what are the types of intrinsic muscles of the larynx
adductors (3), abductors (1), tensors (2), relaxer (1), auxiliary (3 or 4)
128
what are the vocal fold adductors
lateral cricoarytenoids
transverse arytenoid muscle
oblique arytenoid muscles
129
what are the functional divisions of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
laryngeals elevators and depressors
130
what are the anatomical divisions of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
infrahyoid and suprahyoid
131
3 characteristics of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles
one laryngeal attachment
one non-laryngeal attachment
all are paired
132
7 laryngeal elevators
```
diagastricus anterior
diagastricus posterior
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
genioglossus
hyoglossus
```
133
4 laryngeal depressors
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
134
3 characteristics of vocal folds in adults
(1) multiple layers
(2) layers have different properties
(3) divided into surface tissue and underlying muscular tissue
135
5 divisions of vocal folds
1. epithelium
2. superficial (elastic) layer
3. Intermediate (elastic) layer
4. Deep (collagen) layer
5. Thyrovocalis muscles (bulk of VF)
136
what are the lamina propria
inner division of vocal folds, 3 layers
1. superficial
2. intermediate
3. deep
137
what are the 3 functional layers of the vocal folds
cover, transition, body
138
what makes up the vocal ligament?
transition section; 2nd and 3rd layer of the lamina propria (intermediate and deep)
139
3 non speech laryngeal functions
1. prohibit foreign objects from entering trachea
2. abdominal fixation
3. aid in respiration
140
5 steps of coughing process
1. deep inhalation
2. forceful adduction
3. laryngeal elevation
4. subglottal pressure builds
5. vocal folds forced open
141
what is the laryngeal role in respiration?
vocal fold abduction increased for forced inhalation, decreased for quiet inspiration
142
what is the Bernoulli effect?
with constant airflow, velocity increases at area of constriction but with decrease of pressure at the constriction
143
type of attach where adduction of vocal folds and expiration occur together
simultaneous attack
144
type of attack where expiration precedes adduction
breathy attack
145
type of attach where adduction precedes expiration
glottal attack
146
three types of attacks involving phonation
1. simultaneous
2. breathy
3. glottal
