Respiration/Atp

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

We make a lot of ATP
Used for various things such as active transport, metabolic processes, movement etc.
only released in small amounts of energy at a time and is unstable.
ADP+Pi = ATP

Question 2

ATP is useful because:

Answer 2

It releases energy in small, suitable amounts
It is broken down in one step
It makes energy available rapidly
It makes phosphorylated substances more reactive/ lowers the activation energy
It can be reformed and made again

Question 3

Oxidation

Answer 3

Lose electrons
Lose hydrogen
Gain oxygen

Question 4

Reduction

Answer 4

Gain electrons
Gain hydrogen
Lose oxygen

Question 5

ATP equation

Answer 5

ADP+Pi -> ATP

Write this any time ATP is released

Question 6

Plants must make ATP in respiration as well as photosynthesis because:

Answer 6

In the dark there is no ATP production in photosynthesis
Therefore some tissues are unable to photosynthesise and produce ATP
So ATP cannot be moved from cell to cell or stored
The plant uses more ATP than produced in photosynthesis
ATP for active transport
ATP for synthesis (give example)

Question 7

1) Glycolysis

Answer 7

This takes place in the cytoplasm
Pi is added to the 6C glucose (phosphorylated). Pi added with ADP to make ATP which is needed
The glucose splits into 2x 3C Triose Phosphate (TP)
The TP is oxidised which gives the hydrogen to NAD, making NADH
The TP’s are made into pyruvate which release ATP
Makes ATP, NADPH and pyruvate

Question 8

Products of glycolysis

Answer 8

ATP, NADPH, pyruvate

Question 9

2) Link reaction

Answer 9

Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
The pyruvate is oxidised to give hydrogen to the NAD
The pyruvate loses carbon dioxide to become a 2C acetyl group
The 2C acetate joins with the co-enzyme A to become acetyl coenzyme A (2C)
Makes CO2, NADH, acetyl coenzyme A

Question 10

Products of the link reaction

Answer 10

CO2, NADH, acetyl coenzyme A

Question 11

3) Krebs cycle

Answer 11

Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
2C acetyl coenzyme A joins with 4C molecule
NAD and FAD are reduced
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs
It makes ATP, NADH, FADH, CO2, (4C) molecule is recycled
Other respiratory substances include the breakdown products of lipids and amino acids, which enter the Krebs cycle

Question 12

4) Electron transport chain

Answer 12

Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
NADH and FADH release their hydrogen.
This splits into protons and electrons
Electrons move along carriers in the electron transport chain, using oxidation-reduction reactions which releases energy.
Protein channels use this energy to actively transport H ions into inter membrane space. These then diffuse back down concentration gradient through ATP synthase into the matrix and release ATP (combine ATP and Pi). Oxidative phosphorylation.