respiration control of breathing Flashcards
(41 cards)
what is breathing modulated by?
- reflexes
- volatile control
- vocalisation
- emotional events
- physiological challenges
what does the brain receive neural signals about breathing from?
- chemoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
what do chemoreceptors feedback to the brain?
blood PO2, PCO2 and pH
what do mechanoreceptors feedback to the brain?
mechanical status of the lungs, chest wall and airways
where does the brain send neural signals to?
- respiratory muscles
- upper airway muscles
- produce reflexes
what do the neural signals to respiratory muscles do?
produce rhythmic breathing movements, e.g., diaphragm and intercostals
what do the neural signals to upper airway muscles do?
e.g., laryngeal, pharyngeal and tongue
what are the reflexes from brain signals include?
reflexes to keep airways patent, e.g., cough, sneeze, gag
where are many important neuronal cell groups involved in breathing regulation found?
the brainstem
what is a decrease in O2 called?
hypoxia
what is an increase in CO2 called?
hypercapnia
what are the two types of chemoreceptors?
peripheral and central
where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
region of aortic arch and carotid sinuses
where do chemoreceptors send their information through?
via the glossopharyngeal (from carotid) and vagus (from aortic) nerves to the nucleus in brainstem called NTS
what do peripheral chemoreceptors primarily respond to?
decreases in PO2 (hypoxia)
what is the sequence of steps during a hypoxic environment?
- Reduction in arterial PO2
- Peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated.
- Neural signals sent from carotid and aortic bodies to NTS in brainstem.
- Ventilation increases to restore PO2 levels.
what mmHg triggers progressive hyperventilation?
<60mmHg
what do central chemoreceptors primarily respond to?
increased PCO2 (hypercapnia), or decreased pH
where are central chemoreceptors located?
clusters of neurones in the brainstem
where are central chemoreceptors located?
clusters of neurones in the brainstem
what is the sequence of steps during a hypercapnia?
- Increase in arterial PCO2
- Central chemoreceptors (brainstem neurones) stimulated.
- Signals processed and information passed on to neuronal clusters in brainstem involved in generating breathing.
- Ventilation increases to restore PCO2 levels.
does a small change in PCO2 have a small or big effect on ventilation?
BIG
does a small change in PCO2 have a small or big effect on ventilation?
BIG
does a small change in PCO2 have a small or big effect on ventilation?
BIG
