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respiration fcs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

What is the first step in glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate, using ATP

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5
Q

What is the second step in glycolysis?

A

Glucose phosphate -> 2 x triose phosphate

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6
Q

What is the third step in glycolysis?

A

Triose phosphate is oxidised to produce pyruvate

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7
Q

How is glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate?

A

2ATP -> 2ADP + 2Pi

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8
Q

How is glucose phosphate converted to 2 x triose phosphate?

A

Glucose phosphate is very unstable, and therefore splits (lysis)

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9
Q

What is glucose phosphate also known as?

A

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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10
Q

How is triose phosphate converted into pyruvate?

A
  • NAD is reduced to NADH
  • 2 ADP –> 2ATP
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11
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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12
Q

Where does the link reaction happen?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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13
Q

What happens for the link reaction to happen?

A

Pyruvate and NADH are actively transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

What is the first step of the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate

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15
Q

What is the second step of the link reaction?

A

NAD is reduced (NAD + H+) and forms NADH

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16
Q

What is the third step of the link reaction?

A

Acetate combines with coenzyme A to produce acetylcoenzyme A

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17
Q

How does pyruvate become acetate?

A

Carbon dioxide is released
NAD is reduced to NADH

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18
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur for each glucose molecule?

A

Twice - once for each pyruvate produced in glycolysis

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19
Q

What are the net products of the link reaction PER glucose molecule?

A

2 acetylcoA
2 CO2
2 NADH

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20
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

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A

Mitochondrial matrix

21
Q

How many carbons are in acetyl coenzyme A?

22
Q

What is the first thing that happens in the Krebs cycle?

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A

AcetylcoA reacts with a 4 carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A, and producing a 6 carbon molecule

23
Q

What are the net products of the Krebs cycle PER glucose?

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A

6 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
4 CO2

24
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

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A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

25
What stage of respiration is most ATP made in?
Oxidative phosphorylation
26
What is oxidative phosphorylation catalysed by?
ATP synthase
27
What is the first step of oxidative phosphorylation?
Hydrogen atoms are released from NADH and FADH to form NAD and FAD
28
What is the second step of oxidative phosphorylation?
The hydrogen atoms split into electrons and H+ ions
29
What is the third step of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons move down the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier
30
What is the fourth step of oxidative phosphorylation?
The energy from the electrons is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria - creating an electrochemical gradient
31
What is the fifth step of oxidative phosphorylation?
Protons move down the gradient into the matrix via the ATP synthase
32
What is the sixth step of oxidative phosphorylation?
Protons, electrons and oxygen are combined to form water
33
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
When there is no oxygen
34
Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
In the cytoplasm
35
When does the anaerobic respiration process differ?
After pyruvate has been formed in glycolysis
36
In anaerobic respiration in ANIMALS, what happens after a pyruvate has been formed?
- Pyruvate is reduced to form lactate - By gaining a hydrogen from reduced NAD, which oxidises NADH, forming NAD.
37
What is the benefit of NAD being formed again?
It can be reused in glycolysis to ensure more ATP is continued to be produced
38
In anaerobic respiration in PLANTS & FUNGI, what happens after a pyruvate has been formed?
- Pyruvate is reduced to form ethanol and carbon dioxide - By gaining a hydrogen from reduced NAD, which oxidises NADH, forming NAD.
39
Is ethanol formed immediately?
No - ethanAl is formed first, and is then reduced to form ethanOl
40
Which is more efficient: aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
41
In theory, how many molecules of ATP are produced in aerobic respiration?
38
42
In theory, how many molecules of ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration?
2
43
Describe the process of glycolysis.
- Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP - Triose phosphate is oxidised to pyruvate - Net gain of ATP - NAD is reduced to form NADH
44
Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell.
- Less NADH - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
45
Explain why aerobic respiration produces more ATP per molecule of glucose than anaerobic respiration.
- Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor (combines with electrons + protons) - In aerobic respiration there is oxidative phosphorylation - Anaerobic respiration only glycolysis occurs
46
Describe how acetyl coenzyme A is formed in the link reaction.
- Pyruvate is oxidised, and CO2 is released - Addition of coenzyme A
47
Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP during anaerobic respiration.
- Oxidises reduced NAD - NAD used in glycolysis
48
In muscles, some of the lactate is converted back to pyruvate when they are well supplied with oxygen. Suggest one advantage of this.
- Pyruvate used in aerobic respiration - Lactate is toxic
49

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