Respiration In Abnormal Conditions

Question 1

Define asphyxia.

Answer 1

Asphyxia is a condition where there is inadequate oxygen and excess carbon dioxide in the body due to impaired respiration.

Question 2

What are common causes of asphyxia?

Answer 2

Airway obstruction

Question 3

Define hypocapnia.

Answer 3

Hypocapnia is a state of reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood

Question 4

What are the causes of hypocapnia?

Answer 4

Anxiety

Question 5

Define hypercapnia.

Answer 5

Hypercapnia is an increased level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood

Question 6

What are the causes of hypercapnia?

Answer 6

COPD

Question 7

What physiological changes occur during asphyxia?

Answer 7

Hypoxia

Question 8

What are the physiological consequences of hypocapnia?

Answer 8

Cerebral vasoconstriction

Question 9

What are the physiological consequences of hypercapnia?

Answer 9

Cerebral vasodilation

Question 10

What happens during drowning?

Answer 10

Water enters the lungs

Question 11

What type of acid-base disturbance is caused by drowning?

Answer 11

Respiratory acidosis due to hypoventilation and CO₂ retention.

Question 12

Define respiratory acidosis.

Answer 12

A condition where CO₂ retention leads to decreased blood pH.

Question 13

Define respiratory alkalosis.

Answer 13

A condition where excessive CO₂ loss (hyperventilation) raises blood pH.

Question 14

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Answer 14

Hypoventilation due to COPD

Question 15

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 15

Hyperventilation due to anxiety

Question 16

Define periodic breathing.

Answer 16

Periodic breathing is a pattern of waxing and waning ventilation with periods of apnea.

Question 17

What are causes of periodic breathing?

Answer 17

Congestive heart failure

Question 18

What is the physiological basis of periodic breathing?

Answer 18

Delayed feedback in the respiratory control system and unstable ventilatory responses to CO₂.

Question 19

Define Kussmaul breathing.

Answer 19

Kussmaul breathing is deep

Question 20

Define Biot’s respiration.

Answer 20

Biot’s respiration is irregular breathing with periods of apnea

Question 21

What is sleep apnea syndrome?

Answer 21

A disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

Question 22

What are the types of sleep apnea?

Answer 22

Obstructive

Question 23

What is the physiological basis of obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer 23

Collapse of the upper airway during sleep despite respiratory effort.

Question 24

What is the physiological basis of central sleep apnea?

Answer 24

Reduced or absent respiratory drive from the brainstem.