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BIOLOGY 11th > Respiration in humans > Flashcards

Respiration in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Exchange of gases take place through simple diffusion in?

A

Sponges, Coelenterates and Flatworms and Earthworm

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2
Q

TRACHEAL TUBES ARE PRESENT IN?

A

INSECTS

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3
Q

INVERTIBRATE THAT RESPIRE THROUGH GILLS

A

AQUATIC ARTHROPODS AND MOLUSCS

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4
Q

AMPHIBIANS,REPTILES AND BIRDS RESPIRE THROUGH?

A

LUNGS

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5
Q

RESPIRATION THROUGH MOIST SKIN IS CALLED

A

CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

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6
Q

CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION OCCURS IN?

A

FROG AND EARTHWORMS

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7
Q

SOUND BOX IS?

A

LARYNX

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8
Q

WHICH PORTION IS COMMON FOR FOOD AND AIR?

A

PHYARYNX

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9
Q

TRACHEA IS A STRAIGHT TUBE EXTENDING UPTO _____________ CAVITY

A

MID THORACIC

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10
Q

AT WHICH VERTEBRA TRACHEA DIVIDES?

A

5TH THORACIC VERTEBRA

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11
Q

JUST FLIP IT

A

THRACHEA DIVIDES AT 5TH TORACIC VERTEBRA INTO right and left primary bronchi. Each bronchi
undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary bronchi
and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

BRONCHIOLES AND ALL KIND OF BROMCHI ARE SUPPORTED AT THE WALLS BY

A

incomplete cartilaginous rings

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13
Q

terminal bronchioles gives rise to

A

alveoli

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14
Q

what is the conducting part of the respiratory system

A

external nostrils to terminal bronchiols

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15
Q

what is the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system

A

alveoli and its ducts

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16
Q

functions of cunducting part of the respiratory system

A 
#The conducting part transports the atmospheric air to the alveoli, 
#clears it from foreign particles, 
#humidifies and also 
#brings the air to body
temperature
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17
Q

functions of exchange of the respiratory system

A

Exchange part is the site of actual diffusion of O2
and CO2
between blood and atmospheric air

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18
Q

what forms thoracic chamber

A

The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the
vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on
the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm

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19
Q

lungs are coverd by ?

A

double layered pleura

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20
Q

what is b/w the two pleura and what is its function

A

pleural fluid—-reduces friction on lungs surface

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21
Q

steps pf respiration

A 
Respiration involves the following steps:
(i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air
is drawn in and CO2
 rich alveolar air is released out.
(ii) Diffusion of gases (O2
 and CO2
) across alveolar membrane.
(iii) Transport of gases by the blood.
(iv) Diffusion of O2
 and CO2
 between blood and tissues.
(v) Utilisation of O2
 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant
release of CO2
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22
Q

simple principal involved in inspirationa and expiration?

A

Inspiration
can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is
less than the atmospheric pressure……
expiration takes
place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric
pressur

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23
Q

what helps in formation in pressure gradient?

A

diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and

internal intercostals between the ribs,

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24
Q

Explain inspiration(full)

A

cont.of diaphragm————thoracic volume increases in ANTERO POSTERIOR AXIS———cont. of external intercoastal muscle———lifts up ribs and sternum ———–inc.in volume of thoracic chanber in DORSO VENTRAL AXIS.———INC. IN PULMONARY VOLUME——dec. in pressure leds to air in.

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25
explain expiration(full)
relaxation of diaphragm and inter coastal muscles ---------normal position-------reduces thoracic volume--------thereby pulmonary volume reduces----inc in pressure causes expiration.
26
which increases | the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis
diaphragm
27
which increases | the volume of thoracic chamber in dorso-ventral axis
external inter-costal
28
On an average, a healthy human breathes ------------ times/minute
12-16 | times/minute
29
The volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using which instrument
spirometer
30
Tidal Volume (TV
Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. It is approx. 500 mL., i.e., a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute.
31
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration. This averages 2500 mL to 3000 mL.
32
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration. This averages 1000 mL to 1100 mL
33
Residual Volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a | forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL
34
Tidal Volume (TV) (in numbers)
6000 to 8000 | mL of air per minute
35
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)(in numbers)
This averages 2500 | mL to 3000 mL
36
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):(in numbers)
This averages 1000 | mL to 1100 mL
37
Residual Volume (RV):
This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.
38
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
This includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve | volume ( TV+IRV)=
39
Expiratory Capacity (EC)
(TV+ERV).This includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve | volume
40
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
Volume of air that will remain in | the lungs after a normal expiration This includes ERV+RV.
41
Vital lung Capacity (VC)
The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration. This includes ERV, TV and IRV or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forced inspiration
42
Total Lung Capacity
Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration. This includes RV, ERV, TV and IRV or vital capacity + residual volume.
43
factors that can affect the | rate of diffusion of air in exchange part
Solubility of the gases thickness of the membranes
44
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in alveoli
co2=40 O2=104
45
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in systemic veins (deoxy)
co2=45 o2=40
46
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in systemic arteries(oxy)
co2=40 o2 =95
47
partial pressure of co2 and O2 in tissue
co2=45 o2=40
48
which gas diffuse faster through diffusion membrane in respiration and why
CO2 because the solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2
49
diffusion membrane at alveoli are
``` ++three major layers namely++ # thin squamous epithelium of alveoli, #the endothelium of alveolar capillaries #and the basement substance in between them ```
50
how o2 is transported
97% in RBC as oxyhaemoglobin and 3% dissolved in plasma
51
how co2 is transported
20-25% by RBCs 70% as bicarbonate 7% as dissolved in plasma
52
oxygen bind with heamoglobin in what form
oxyheqmoglobin
53
how many o2 molecules can 1 molecule of heamoglobin carry
4
54
factors affecting binding of o2
partial pressure of O2 . Partial pressure of CO2 , hydrogen ion concentration and temperature
55
condition favourable for the formation of | oxyhaemoglobin
``` In the alveoli, where there is high pO2 , low pCO2 , lesser H+ concentration and lower temperature ```
56
condition favourable for the dissociation of | oxyhaemoglobin
e low pO2 , high pCO2 , high H+ concentration and higher temperature
57
Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around________ml of O2 to the tissues
5ml
58
In what formCO2 | is carried by haemoglobin
carbamino-haemoglobin
59
formation of carbamino-haemoglobin occurs at
tissue
60
why there is more H+ conc. at tissue site of diffusion
CO2 diffuses into blood from tissue and forms HCO3– and H+
61
Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately_____ ml of CO2 to the alveoli.
4ml
62
which centre maintain and regulate the respiratory rhythm
medulla region | of the brain called }{respiratory rhythm}] centre
63
WHERE IS respiratory rythm centre present
medulla region
64
which centre can moderate the functions of respiratory rythm centre
pneumotaxic centre
65
pneumotaxic centre present at
pons region
66
flip to learn more
A chemosensitive area is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions. Increase in these substances can activate this centre, which in turn can signal the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in the respiratory process by which these substances can be eliminated. . The role of oxygen in the regulation of respiratory rhythm is quite insignificant.
67
flip
Receptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise changes in CO2 and H+ concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions
68
what happens in asthma
inflammation | of bronchi and bronchioles
69
symptoms of asthma
difficulty in breathing causing wheezing
70
major cause of EMPHYSEMA
cigarette smoking
71
CIGARETTE SMOKING CAUSES
Emphysema
72
WHAT HAPPNENS IN EMPHYSEMA
chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged | due to which respiratory surface is decreased
73
WHAT DAMAGE OCCURS IN OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
inflammation leading to fibrosis | (proliferation of fibrous tissues

BIOLOGY 11th (3 decks)

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