Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHGY 210 > Respiration lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiration lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can we determine subdivisions of the lung volumes?

A

With a spirometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of a spirometer?

A

to measure the volumes of INHALED or EXHALED gas (not total lung volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can spirometers measure?

A

Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are spirometers not used to measure?

A

Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity
Residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a notmal tidal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after a normal tidal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (will never be exhaled)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (Deep breaths in and out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you calculate vital capacity?

A

TV+ERV+IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can you calculate inspiratory capacity?

A

TV+IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is function residual capacity?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can you calculate functional residual capacity?

A

RV+ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you calculate total lung capacity?

A

RV+VC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can you directly measure FRC ?

A

By helium dilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the formula for calculating the of FRC using helium dilution?

A

FRC = (C1 + V1/C2) - V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the concentration of helium after equilibration? Why?

A

It is less concentrated because it’s diluted in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The amount of air inspired (or expired) into the lungs over a minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

Ve=Vt x f
Vt: Tidal volume
f: number of breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation not including anatomical dead space?

A

6000 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the normal values for tidal volume and # of breaths per minute in a normal adult male?

A

Vt = 500 mL
f = 12 breaths/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

A place where air remained in the conducting airways and cannot do any gas exchanges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
For a normal adult male, what is the normal value for minute ventilation including anatomical dead space? How is this calculated?
4200 mL/min Ve=Vt x f = (500-150) x 12
26
What is the volume of the anatomical dead space in an adult subject?
150 mL
27
What can we use to approximate anatomical dead space since it is difficult to measure?
Weight in pounds
28
When does alveolar dead space happen?
under pathological conditions
29
What happens to alveoli in alveolar dead space?
They get a decreased blood supply or no blood at all
30
What happens to inspired air when the alveoli do not receive enough blood?
It can't make any gas exchanges even if the ventilation is the same
31
What is the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space called?
Physiological dead space
32
What is the difference between minute and alveolar ventilation?
Minute ventilaton doesn't take into account dead space whereas it's in the calculations for alveolar ventilation
33
What are the 3 types of alveolar ventilation?
Normal Hypoventilation Hyperventilation
34
What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the air?
PO2 = 160 mmHg PCO2 = 0.3 mmHg
35
What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli?
PO2 = 105 mmHg PCO2 = 40 mmHg
36
What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary veins (towards left heart) and systemic arteries moving towards the cells?
PO2 = 100 mmHg PCO2 = 40 mmHg
37
What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary arteries and systemic veins moving away from the cells into the right heart?
PO2 = 40 mmHg PCO2 = 46 mmHg
38
What keeps PaCO2 at a constant level?
The alveolar ventilation
39
When does alveolar hyperventilation occur?
when more O2 is supplied and more CO2 is removed then the metabolic rate requires
40
What does ventilation need to be considered with?
metabolism
40
What happens to the Pa and PAO2 and the Pa and PACO2 during alveolar hyperventilation?
PA and Pa O2: rises PA and Pa CO2: decreases
40
Why do people faint during hyperventilation?
arterial CO2 decreases → blood vessels constrict → Cerebral vasoconstriction reduces brain blood flow → less O₂ delivery → fainting.
40
What happens to the Pa and PAO2 and the Pa and PACO2 during alveolar hypoventilation?
PAO2: decreases PACO2: rises
40
Why do we give people a paper bag to breathe into when they are hyperventilating?
because blowing into the bag builds int he CO2 inside of it, and breathing in the CO2 builds the pulmonary CO2 they don’t have enough of
40
Why does PAO2 fall below normal values during alveolar hypoventilation?
because the blood in the pulmonary capillary is less oxygenated
41
When does alveolar hypoventilation occur?
when there is damage to the respiratory muscles, chronic obstructive lung disease, when the chest cage is injured and when the CNS is depressed
42
How does oxygen from the alveolar gas transfer across the alveolar-capillary membrane?
by passive diffusion
43
What is diffusion governed by?
Fick’s Law
44
What is diffusion rate proportional to?
surface area (5-100 m^2) partial pressure gradient 1/thickness (0.2 mm)
45
What is the pressure of O2 and CO2 in the blood when it reaches the alveolar capillaries?
PO2: low PCO2: high
46
Where does O2 and CO2 diffuse?
O2: from the alveolar gas to the blood CO2: from the blood to the alveolar gas
47
In order for a gas to diffuse through a liquid…
it must be soluble in the liquid
48
How much faster does CO2 diffuse as compared to O2 in the same liquid?
20x faster
49
What is the time required to reach equilibrium between alveolar air and capillary blood for O2 and CO2? | diffusion rate of both gases
the same for the two gases The different pressure gradient (mmHg and 60 mmHg) does not make a difference in the rate of diffusion because of the solubility difference
50
What is the transit time of blood through pulmonary capillaries?
0.75 seconds at rest
51
In a normal lung, within what fraction of the red blood cell transit time is diffusion of both O2 and CO2 accomplished?
within 1/3 of the transit time
52
What happens to the diffusion time in someone who has edema? Why?
it decreases because the alveolar capillary membrane will be thicker due to built up liquid
53
What happens if the alveolar ventilation is increased but the metabolism needs stay the same
PO2 = increases PCO2 = decreses
54
What happens if the alveolar ventilation is decreased but the metabolism needs stay the same
PO2 = decreases PCO2 = increases
55
What happens if the metabolic needs go up but alveolar ventilation stays unchanged?
PO2 = decreases PCO2 = increases
56
What happens if the metabolic needs go down but alveolar ventilation stays unchanged?
PO2 = increases PCO2 = decreases
57
What happens if the alveolar ventilation increases proportionally to the metabolic needs
PO2 = no change PCO2 = no change

PHGY 210 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions