Respiration Lecture 9/21 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is the Greek term for respiration?
A
Inspiration/inspire
2
Q
What do you have to do to slow down speech And inspiration?
A
Pullback gravity and recoil your thorax
3
Q
Is oxygen a gas or a solid?
A
Gas
4
Q
What is respiration?
A
Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
5
Q
What is inspiration?
A
Bring oxygen into cells of our bodies by breathing in
6
Q
What is expiration?
A
Elimination of waste by breathing out
7
Q
What is alveoli?
A
Minute air sacs
8
Q
Is respiration muscular?
A
Yes.
9
Q
What direction does your rib cage move when you are breathing in?
A
anteriorly and laterally
10
Q
What is air pressure?
A
The force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air
11
Q
Do molecules tend to keep their distance from each other or stay close together during inspiration?
A
They tend to keep their distance
12
Q
True or false:
If you close a chamber (nose, mouth, etc) And reduce volume size (lungs smaller than atmosphere). The forces between molecules doesn’t change but the force is manifested on the chamber walls
A
True
13
Q
Is force a constant?
A
Yes. Decreasing in area results in an increase of pressure
14
Q
What are you doing if you increase pressure by decreasing area?
A
Exhaling
15
Q
Where does the respiratory system move through?
A
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- aveoli
16
Q
Where does the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
A
Alveoli
17
Q
What are Nares?
A
Opening to the nose
18
Q
What does the nasal cavity consistent
A
- Lined with cilia
- Mucous membranes
- Blood capillaries
19
Q
What is air filtered by through the nose?
A
Cilia
20
Q
What is air moistened by through the nose?
A
Mucous membranes
21
Q
What is air warmed by through the nose?
A
Blood
22
Q
What does air pass-through after passing through the nose?
A
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- trachea
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
23
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
A flap of tissue in front of the larynx That closes off the larynx when swallowing To prevent food from entering
24
Q
What is the trachea?
A
It connects the larynx to the bronchial tree
25
What is another term for trachea?
Wind pipe
26
What prevents the trachea from collapsing?
The Cartlidge rings
27
What type of tissue are lungs?
Spongy
28
What do lungs consist of?
- Bronchial trees
- Aveoli
- blood capillaries
29
What are bronchioles?
-The bronchi carrying the air, subdivide into smaller branches
30
What is at the end of every bronchiole?
Alveolar sacs
31
What are the Alveolar sacs surrounded by?
Blood capillaries
32
Where does the gas exchange ( Oxygen and carbon dioxide) take place?
Alveoli cells
33
What is the process of Respiration?
Oxygen in the air moves from the alveoli to the capillaries. Then carbon dioxide moves from the Capillaries to the Alveoli and is exhaled.
34
What is the process of diffusion?
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood vessels to travel around the body.
Then carbon dioxide is removed from the blood vessels to the alveoli to be expired
35
What is Boyle's law?
As the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within the container decreases
- You inhale and lung pressure decreases. More volume
- You exhale and lung pressure increases. There is less space
36
What is positive pressure?
Pressures greater than atmospheric pressure – molecules are closer together
37
What is negative pressure?
Pressures less than atmospheric pressure – molecules are farther apart then forces a dictate, pressure decreases
38
Where are the lungs located?
Inside the airtight thoracic cavity
39
Can the volume in the thorax be increased or decreased?
Both
40
How does the thorax communicate with the outside air?
- Trachea
- Larynx
- pharynx
- oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
41
How does respiration work?
- An increase in volume of the thorax will result in a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to the atmosphere. Consequently, airbrushes into the lungs until the outside and inside pressures are equalized (i.e. inhalation)
- a decrease in the volume of the thorax will result in positive pressure in the lungs, and provided the respiratory tract is open, air will rush out until once again outside pressure and inside pressure are the same (I.e. Expiration)
42
Is respiration a passive process?
No
43
What type of support do we need to breathe?
Skeletal support and muscles
44
When does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs decrease?
Inhalation
45
Why does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs reduce when you inhale?
Because gas flows from high-pressure to low, air from the environment flows through the nose or mouth into the lungs
46
When does the air pressure in the lungs increase?
In exhalation
47
Why does it air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs increase when you exhale?
Because air flows from the lungs and up and out of the respiratory system through the nose or mouth
48
Describe air pressure in relation to inhalation.
1) Diaphragm contracts
2) External intercostals contract
3) thoracic cavity expands
4) Decreases the pressure in the pleural cavity
5) And because the air pressure is lower than the pulmonary cavity (lungs) This will cause the lungs to expand
6) Causing a reduction in pressure in the pulmonary cavity
7) That causes air to move from the atmosphere into the lungs
49
Describe air pressure in relation to expiration.
1) Diaphragm relaxes
2) external intercostals relax
3) Diaphragm will then push against the thoracic cavity And increase the pressure in the pleural cavity
4) This will also increase the pressure in the pulmonary cavity
5) Causing air to leave
50
Negative pressure relates to _____ Pressure in your lungs related to atmospheric pressure
Less
51
Positive pressure relates to _____ Pressure in your lungs related to atmospheric pressure
More
52
How many divisions of the vertebrae are there?
Five
53
What are the spinal nerve names?
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
54
Vertebrae are not numbered the same as spinal nerves even though they have the same names. What are the numbers of the vertebrae?
- Cervical: C1 – C7
- thoracic: T1 – T 12
- Lumbar: L1 – L5
- Sacral: 4
- coccygeal: Fused unit = 5
55
What is the cervical vertebrae?
- Vertebral segments ride atop one another
- It protects the spinal cord
- Atlas (C1) : Uppermost cervical vertebrae
- supports skull for rotation
- Axis (C2).: skull pivots
- C1 and C2 vertebral foraman is larger than the C3 through C7 to accommodate transition of brainstem to spinal cord
56
What is the thoracic vertebrae?
-Provides a basis for respiratory framework
-Form the Posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the thorax
-Superior and inferior costal
facets
57
What are between the thoracic vertebrae?
- Intervertebral foraman – product of the inferior and superior vertebral notches
- Places where spinal nerves communicate with the spinal cord
58
What is the lumbar vertebrae?
- Large in comparison to cervical and thoracic vertebrae
| - Provide direct and indirect attachment to a host of back and abdominal muscles
59
What is the sacrum?
- fused mass
| - Sacral foramina provides a passage for sacral nerves
60
What is a coccyx?
fused coccygeal vertebrae
61
What is the pelvic girdle?
It provides a strong structure for attaching the legs to the vertebral column
62
What is the pelvic girdle composed of?
- Ilium: wing like bone that provide support for the abdominal musculature
- The iliac crest of the superior-lateral surface is the superior point of attachment for the lingual ligament which runs from the crest to the pubic synthesis
- Sacrum
- Pubic bone
- ischium
63
What does the pectoral girdle include?
- Scapula: only skeletal attachment via the clavicle which in turn has its only attachment at the sternum
- Clavicle (collarbone): Attached to superior sternum, running laterally to join the scapula
- Provides anterior support for the shoulder
64
This another word for shoulder blades?
Scapula
65
How many pairs of ribs do we have in the thorax?
12
66
Where are the ribs housed?
In the thorax
67
What are the four components of the ribs?
- Head: provides articulating surface with the spinal column
- Neck: anterior to the head
- shaft: the body
- Angle: point at which the rib begins it's curve
68
What attaches to the opposite end (relation to the neck portion) of the Rib?
Costal cartridge
68
Describe the characteristics of ribs.
-They provide attachment for numerous muscles that provides strength, rigidity, continuity, and mobility to the rib cage
69
Describe the three classes of the ribs
- True: upper ribs ( 1 – 7) attached to sternum via chondral.
- False: (8,9,10) attached to sternum via chondral
- Floating: (11 and 12) attached only to vertebral column
70
What is costal Cartlidge?
Hyaline cartilage (Grizzle)
71
What two bones that form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and specula
72
What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
- Iliac
- pubis
- ischium
73
Why do we have a rib cage?
- Basis for respiration
- Is strong
- can twist
- Protection of organs
- Via vertebral attachments and the Chondral position of the sternum attachment, the rib cage can elevate, providing an increase in lung capacity for respiration
74
What is the posterior attachment of the rib made through?
- Gliding (arthrodial) articulation with the thoracic vertebrae
75
What direction can the ribs move in?
Both lateral and anteriorly
76
What is the sternum?
- Has articular cavities for costal attachment
- Manubrium Sterni (handle): provides attachment for the clavicle and first rib
- Rip two attaches at the juncture of the manubrosternal angle
- Corpus (body): provides attachment for five ribs via direct costal cartridge (chondral)
- Xiphoid process (sword): fuses to the body around 17 years of age
77
What are the three parts of the sternum?
- Manubrium (handle)
- Corpus (body)
- Xiphoid process (sword)
78
What's the posterior portion where your ribs connect?
Spine
79
What is the upper portion of your airway?
Nose and mouth
80
What are the lower portions of your airway?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
81
What is it called at the point where the bronchus enters the lungs?
Hilum
82
What is the iliac crest?
The iliac crest of the superior-lateral surface is the superior point of attachment for the lingual ligament which runs from the crest to the pubic synthesis
83
How many generations of bronchial trees are in the left lung?
14
84
How many generations of bronchial trees are in the right lung?
28
85
How many hyaline cartilage rings are there on the trachea?
16 to 20
86
Where does the trachea connect?
It runs from that inferior border of the larynx to the carina trachea to become the left and right bronchi
87
What muscle is primary for inspiration?
The diaphragm
88
What are the three portions of the diaphragm?
- Sternal
- Costal (rib)
- Vertebral
89
What are the muscles of inspiration?
- Diaphragm
- External intercostal
- Serratus posterior superior
- Serratus anterior
- Scalens
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Subclavius
- levator scapulae
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis Minor
- trapezius
90
What are the muscles used in expiration?
- External oblique
- Innermost intercostals
- Internal intercostal
- Internal oblique
- rectus abdominis
- Serratus posterior inferior
- Transverse abdominis
