respiration part 2

Question 1

lung compliance is regulated by what?

Answer 1

• lung elasticity

- surface tension

Question 2

where does the surface tension of the lungs exist at?

Answer 2

exists at air-water interface in alveoli

Question 3

surface tension is reduced by _________

Answer 3

surfactants

Question 4

Define surface tension:

Answer 4

Surface tension is: a measure of the intermolecular attractive forces that stabilize liquid

Question 5

surface tension forces are strong on ______ side, but weak on ______ side

Answer 5

strong on liquid side

weak on the air side

Question 6

how do surfactants reduce the surface tension of alveoli?

Answer 6

reduces surface tension by reducing intermolecular forces between water

Question 7

T/F: Surface tension in alveoli (liquid-lined, air-filled spherical sacs) enhances expansion

Answer 7

FALSE

surface tension RESISTS expansion

Question 8

you can reduce surface tension by decreasing the _______ of water molecules

Answer 8

density

Question 9

what regulates surfactant release in the lungs?

Answer 9

regulated by stretch receptors in Type II cells

Question 10

T/F: Overcoming surface tension is more important than lung elasticity in determining lung compliance

Answer 10

true

Question 11

a deficiency in surfactant production can cause what condition in infants?

Answer 11

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Question 12

what group is at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 12

pre-mature infants

Question 13

what are the treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 13

therapy includes artificial surfactant and mechanical ventilation

Question 14

slow, deep breaths are a consequence of ___________ resistance

Answer 14

increased

Question 15

rapid, shallow breathing is caused by ___________ compliance

Answer 15

decreased

Question 16

Airflow is inversely proportional to ________ _______

Answer 16

airway resistance

Question 17

what is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

Answer 17

tube radius

Question 18

besides tube radius, what else can effect airway resistance?

Answer 18

transpulmonary pressure

elasticity of tissue in airways

neural and chemical control of smooth muscles

Question 19

Asthma is caused by what?

Answer 19

Inappropriate contraction of smooth muscle

Question 20

how can asthma be treated?

Answer 20

can be treated with glucocorticoid therapy and/or bronchodilators

Question 21

what is the cause of Emphysema?

Answer 21

alveolar tissues damaged or destroyed, perhaps due to overproductioin of proteolytic enzymes

Question 22

emphysema is a form of ______

Answer 22

COPD

Question 23

what causes Chronic bronchitis?

Answer 23

mucus or inflammation impairs airflow

Question 24

what effect does chronic bronchitis have on breathing patterns?

Answer 24

increased resistance = deeper breathing

Question 25

Heimlich maneuver dislodges particulate matter in the _______________________

Answer 25

upper respiratory tract

Question 26

what is tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 26

Volume entering lungs per breath about 500mL

Question 27

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 27

max Volume inspired about 3000 ml

Question 28

what is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) of the lungs?

Answer 28

Volume exhaled beyond Tidal Volume (breathing out as much as you can) about 1500 ml

Question 29

the _________ is the volume in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Answer 29

residual volume

Question 30

what is the "vital capacity" of the lungs?

Answer 30

IRV + ERV + TV 5000 ml

Question 31

what is the "total capacity" of the lungs?

Answer 31

vital capacity + residual volume 6000 ml

Question 32

what are the characteristics of obstructive lung disease?

Answer 32

decreased FEV1 normal vc

Question 33

how would restrictive lung disease affect vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?

Answer 33

restrictive lung disease: Decreases vc normal FEV1

Question 34

what is "Minute ventilation"

Answer 34

tidal V x respiratory rate

Question 35

what is anatomic dead space? how much does an average person have?

Answer 35

anatomical dead space (~150 ml) is the volume of air that is trapped in the alveoli, and is not exchanged during a respiratory cycle

Question 36

what is alveolar respiration?

Answer 36

AV = (tidal V – dead space) x respiratory rate

Question 37

how can you increase alveolar respiration rate?

Answer 37

can increase respiratory rate can increase tidal volume (more effective than increasing rate)

Question 38

T/F: alveolar dead space is always greater than zero

Answer 38

true

Question 39

what is physiological dead space?

Answer 39

The sum of anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

Question 40

____________ respiration is the gas exchange between air and blood in lung

Answer 40

external

Question 41

____________ respiration is the gas exchange between blood and cells (interstitial fluid)

Answer 41

internal

Question 42

both internal and external respiration occur via ________

Answer 42

diffusion

Question 43

how do Gases diffuse?

Answer 43

from high to low partial pressure

Question 44

pressure exerted by gas is proportional to what 2 factors?

Answer 44

temperature & concentration

Question 45

what is Henry’s Law?

Answer 45

amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid

Question 46

Partial pressure vs. concentration of a gas in liquid depends on what?

Answer 46

which gas it is and partial pressure of the gas temperature

Question 47

Alveolar PO2 (how much O2 is available to the blood) is determined by:

Answer 47

atmospheric PO2 – rate of alveolar ventilation – rate of cellular O2 consumption –

Question 48

Alveolar gas pressures are altered by the ratio of __________ to ___________

Answer 48

ventilation to metabolism

Question 49

_____________ occurs when ventilation is decreased relative to metabolism

Answer 49

hypoventilation

Question 50

_____________ occurs when ventilation increased relative to metabolism

Answer 50

Hyperventilation

Question 51

what are the effects of hypoventilation on partial pressures?

Answer 51

decrease alveolar PO2 increase alveolar PCO2

Question 52

what are the effects of hyperventilation on partial pressures?

Answer 52

increase alveolar PO2 decrease alveolar PCO2

Question 53

T/F: hyperventilation occurs during exercise

Answer 53

False

Question 54

What happens to alveolar PO2 at high altitudes?

Answer 54

drops significantly why?- the atmospheric partial pressure of O2 drops

Question 55

O2 uptake is compromised by what?

Answer 55

compromised by disease and strenuous exercise

Question 56

perfusion inequalities within the lung can be caused by what 2 disease conditions?

Answer 56

vascularized space with no ventilation ventilated space with no blood supply

Question 57

how can local control in the lung respond to the perfusion inequalities?

Answer 57

respond by decreasing airflow in the lung (bronchoconstriction) respond by decreasing bloodflow in the lung (vasoconstriction)

Question 58

what is the normal Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli? what about CO2?

Answer 58

Alveolar PO2 = 105 mm Hg Alveolar PCO2 = 40 mm Hg

Question 59

what is the partial pressure of O2 in sea-level air? how about CO2?

Answer 59

PO2 (at sea level) = 160 mm Hg PCO2 (at sea level) = 0.3 mm Hg

Question 60

what are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 as blood ENTERS the lung?

Answer 60

PO2 = 40 mm Hg PCO2 = 46 mm Hg

Question 61

what are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 as blood EXITS the lung?

Answer 61

PO2 = 100 mm Hg PCO2 = 40 mm Hg

Question 62

what causes Alveolar dead space?

Answer 62

a mismatch between ventilation and bloodflow