Respiratory #1 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
A
To provide enough O2 for ATP production
2
Q
What is ATP?
A
Adenosine triphosphate
Needed to produce energy for muscle fxn
3
Q
What is lactic acid fermentation?
A
Produces ATP when there is not enough O2 available.
side effects are: muscle fatigue
soreness
pain
4
Q
How many lobes does the rt lung have?
A
3 lobes
5
Q
How many lobes does the lt lung have?
A
2 lobes
Lt lung is slightly smaller to make room for the heart
6
Q
What is bulk flow?
A
Air moves in and out of the lungs from an area of high concentration of O2 to an area of low concentration of O2
7
Q
What happens when the diaphragm goes down?
A
Inhalation
lungs expand bc there is lower pressure around the lung
8
Q
What happens when the diaphragm goes up?
A
Exhalation
pushes air out bc there is higher pressure around the lungs
9
Q
What is visceral pleura?
A
Serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs
10
Q
What is parietal pleura?
A
lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm and is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
11
Q
What is the pleural cavity?
A
Space bt the two pleura (visceral and parietal) of the lungs
Contains sm amt of pleural fluid to decrease friction
12
Q
What is inhaled?
A
Components of the air around-O2, nitrogen, smoke and toxins
13
Q
What is exhaled?
A
O2 and CO2
14
Q
What does the nasal mucosa do?
A
Warms the air that is inhaled
15
Q
What do the nasal hair do?
A
Cleans the air inhaled
16
Q
Trace the flow of air into the lungs:
A
- Nares
- Nasal cavity/oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Rt and lt pulmonary bronchi
- Secondary bronchus
- Tertiary bronchus
- Bronchioles
10Alveoli
11And finally, gas exchange into lungs
17
Q
Where is the larynx?
A
Inferior to the pharynx
18
Q
What are the Eustachian tubes?
A
Tube that connects middle ear to nasopharynx
19
Q
What are the purposes of the sinuses?
A
Affect vocal resonance-enhance the voice
Help regulate pressure in the head
20
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
- covers trachea
- elastic cartilage tissue flap covered with
mucus membrane - Attached to the entrance of the larynx
- Guards the entrance of the glottis-prevents food from going into the trachea
21
Q
What is the soft palate?
A
Rises to block the nasopharynx when swallowing-preventing food from going into the nasopharynx
22
Q
What is the trachea?
A
Tube that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree
23
Q
What is dead air?
A
Air that remains in the lung after exhaling
Lower in O2
24
Q
What is diffusion?
A
- When molecules move from area of hi concentration to area of low concentration until equilibrium is obtained
- O2 in alveoli must be kept at a higher level than in blood
- CO2 in the alveoli must be kept at a lower level than in blood
25
) What are the effects of damaged lung tissues?
1. Reduced surface area in lungs
| 2. Reduced area for O2 intake
26
What affects the diffusion rate of O2?
The distance that O2 molecules must travel from the alveoli to the bld (walls of the capillaries)
27
What is inspiration?
to inhale.
28
What is ventillation?
rate at wh gas enters or leaves the lungs
29
What is Expiration?
To exhale
30
What is perfusion?
process of delivery of bld to a capillary bed in the tissue
31
What is distribution?
circulation of O2 and CO2 in the bld
32
What is Hypoxia?
1. reduced oxygen,
| 2. bdy is deprived of adequate O2
33
What is hypoxemia?
deficiency of O2 in arterial bld
34
What is hypercapnia?
-too much CO2 in the bld
35
What is hypocapnia?
reduced CO2 in the bld
36
What is Emphysema?
tissues necessary to shape and fxn of the lungs are destroyed.
Cannot hold their functional shape during exhalation.
37
What is Orthopnea?
shortness of breath
38
What is Septoplasty?
corrective surgical procedure to straighten out the nasal septum
39
What is Paradoxical bronchospasm?
1. When medication that is supposed to reverse bronchospasm actually causes it.
2. Associated with the use of Albuterol
40
What is Kyphosis?
over curvature of the thoracic vertebrae...hunchback
41
What is White tongue?
coating of bacteria or debris and dead cells on the tongue
42
Where do you place the stethoscope for lung auscultation?
1. document as anterior or posterior
2. upper Rt lower Above scapula, bt scapula (2 locations), lateral sides-3 Rt upper Rt lower inches below nipple
ie. posterior lt upper lobe
43
What should you do if you do not hear breath sounds?
1. Have pt take deeps breaths
2. Change location of stethoscope
3. Get another person to auscultate
44
Describe normal breath sounds
1. Breathing in-shorter and louder
| 2. Breathing out-longer and softer
45
What is Eupnea?
normal breathing
46
What is Hyperventilation?
rapid or deep breathing
47
What is Tachypnea-?
elevated respiratory rate
48
What is Bradypnea?
decreased respiratory rate
49
What is Apnea?
not breathing
50
What is Cheyne-Stokes?
abnormal pattern of breathing with deep, fast breathing followed by decrease that results in temporary stop-apnea
51
What is Kussmaul's?
deep labored breathing
52
What are some questions the nurse should ask during assessment?
How does it feel?
1. When does it happen?
2. How severe is it?
3. What is pt perception of breathing concerns?
4. Cultural considerations
5. Lifestyle
53
What should the nurse assess?
a) Gen appearance - adequacy of resp
b) Rate, rhythm, quality
c) Inspect for use of accessory muscles, size of thorax, shape of thorax and spinal deformities
d) anterior and posterior diameter
54
What does the nurse auscultate chest for?
a) cough-duration and frequency
| b) If productive of sputum-assess for color, consistency and amount
55
What do you do for a wheezing pt?
a. Give bronchodilator
b. Hydrate
c. Give steroids
56
What are the adventitious sounds?
Abnormal breath sounds
57
Describe wheezing.
musical, whistling sound. Caused by narrowing of airways and secretions
58
Describe Rales.
clicking, bubbling or rattling sound. From collapsed or water logged. Can be fine (beginning of fluid build up or atelectasis) or coarse (greater volume of fluid build up)
59
Describe Friction rub
caking, leathery sound heard at end of inspiration and beginning of expiration. Caused by rubbing of inflamed plural surfaces against lung
60
Describe Crackles
caused by popping open of sm airways and alveoli collapsed by fluid during expiration. Clicking noises
61
Describe Stridor
abnormal high pitched, musical breathing sound caused by blockage in the throat or voice box. Usually heard when taking in a breath
62
Describe Diminished breath sounds
does not refer to a decreased rate of breathing. Sound heard in conditions such as COPD and severe asthma
63
Describe Absent breath sounds
no sounds.
64
What is infiltration?
a) lung tissue itself is being infiltrated w/fluid
| b) Symptoms: labored, painful breathing; SOB; low O2; high heart rate; slower rate of diffusion; pale, cool skin
65
What is effusion?
a) lung is pushed up from the fluid
b) Fluid in pleural membranes
c) Will not hear any lung sounds
d) Fast, shallow breathing
e) Can use thoracentesis to pull out the fluid
66
What is barrel chest?
Associated with emphysema and lung hyper infiltration
| Have significant effect on breathing
67
What is hollowed out appearance?
Congenital posterior displacement of lower aspect of sternum
68
What is the acceptable reading for pulse ox?
92% or >
69
What is a precursor for sleep apnea?
Obesity
70
Where is the flow of air greatest?
In the trachea
| Diminishes in the distal lung fields
71
What are the abnormal lung sounds?
a) crackles-fine or coarse
b) Wheeze-musical sound
c) Stridor-in children and older adults-loud crowing noise
d) Diminished-with effusion and emphysema or obesity
e) Absent-pleural effusion or atelectasis
72
What are some diagnostic lab tests for the respiratory system?
RBC
WBC
Hemoglobin
73
What are some symptoms of respiratory distress?
a) SOB
b) Pallor
c) coughing
74
What is a septum?
* A partition bt the rt and lt sides of the nose
| * Composed of both bone and cartilage
75
What is a Deviated Septum?
* A hole in the septum or a shift from the midline
* Caused by traumatic irritation or injury
* Can develop during growth
76
What are the symptoms of a deviated septum?
* Usually worsen on one side
* It is sometimes on the opposite side of the bend
* Obvious twist to the outside of the nose
* A consistent difference in air flow bt the two sides of the nose
* Whistle on inspiration
* Noisy breathing during sleep
77
How is a deviated septum diagnosed?
* When Doc looks inside the nose-uses a bright light and a nasal speculum (spreads the nostril) to inspect the inside of each nostril
* Physician asks questions about hx
* The pt is to breathe in and out thru each side of the nose while blocking the other nostril
* If there is a consistent difference bt the two sides it may indicate DS
78
What are some problems associated with deviated septum?
* A crooked septum may interfere with drainage of the sinuses causing repeated sinus infections
* Blockage of one or both nostrils
* Nasal congestion
* Frequent nose bleeds
* Frequent sinus discharge
* Facial pain, headaches, post nasal drip
79
What is the treatment for deviated septum?
* Septoplasty-operation to alter the shape and position of the septum
* Submucous resection-SMR. More radical operation. Portions of the cartilage and bone are removed and the mucosal layers are allowed to heal against each other
80
What is septoplasty?
* Surgical procedure done thru nostrils--1-11/2 hr long
* Local or general anesthesia used
* Outpatient procedure
* No bruising or external signs occur
* May be combined with sinus surgery and rhinoplasty
* Nasal packaging inserted to prevent excessive bleeding
81
What is rhinoplasty?
* External appearance of the nose is altered
* Swelling and bruising of face evident
* Nose job
82
What are the complications of surgery?
* Septal tears
| * Saddle deformity-collapse of the bridge of the nose due to removal of the support tissue
83
What is Epistaxis?
• Nose bleed
84
What causes Epistaxis?
* Trauma-nose picking
* Nose infections
* Drying out of nose-heated rooms
* High BP-in elderly
* Cancer of the nose
* Leukemia
* Hemophilia
85
What is the tx for Epistaxis?
* Sit up and lean forward slightly
* Pinching the nose for 3-5 mins
* Ice pack or cold compress
* Advise-breath thru mouth
* Do not blow nose hard after a bleed for at least a day
* Get medical advise if bleeding does not stop
* Doctor can cauterize bleeder
* Pressure balloon inserted in nose if bleeding does not stop
* Nasal packing
86
What is the nursing care for Epistaxis?
* Monitor amt of bleeding-hypovolemia
* Keep pt calm
* Monitor VS
87
What are nasal polyps?
* Soft tissues of the sinuses becomes swollen, it fills the available spaces and expand into the nose forming a growth-polyp
* No spaces in the sinuses can have polyps
88
What are the causes of polyps?
* Allergies
| * Infections
89
What are the symptoms of polyps?
* Difficult nasal breathing bc of blockage of nose
* Reduced sense of smell
* Feeling of facial fullness
* Nasal discharge
* Inspection of nose reveals presence of polyps
90
How are nasal polyps diagnosed?
CT scan-to show extent of polyp and location
91
What are the treatments for polyps?
Surgical removal-endoscope through nose
92
What are the risks to surgery for polyps?
* Hemorrhage
* Black eyes
* Damage to nasal septum
* Leakage of CSF from brain
* Growths can return
93
What are the nursing care for post nasal surgery?
* Pain assessment/analgesics
* Monitor VS for hypovolemia
* Monitor Mustache dressing-times it has been changed
* Check throat for bleeding/swallowing
* Do not allow pt to blow nose
* Give stool Softeners to prevent excessive pressure
* No ASA
* Semi-fowlers position to control swelling
* Nasal packing
* Humidify room to prevent dryness of mucus membranes
* Maintain good nutrition
* Cool compress to swollen, black eyes
* Reassure pt that it is temporary
94
What are the nursing interventions for post surgery of polyps?
* Mustache bandage-apply petroleum to prevent ulceration
* Instruct pt not to blow nose
* Humidifier of decongestants as ordered
* Elevate HOB-pt not to swallow secretions
* Special mouth care
* Dressing change PRN
* No ASA
* Watch for hemorrhage-monitor VS
* Assist OOB for the first time
* Cool compress
95
What is sinusitis?
* Inflammation of the mucosa of one or more of the sinuses
* Can be acute or chronic
* Often result of bacterial infection, allergies and fungal infections
* The mucosa linings swell and blocks drainage
96
What is chronic sinusitis?
* When symptoms are present for more than 2 months
| * Do not respond to tx
97
What occurs when the frontal sinuses are infected?
Headache
98
What occurs when the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses are infected?
* Toothache
| * Tightness in the throat
99
What are the most commonly infected sites?
• Ethmoid and maxillary
100
What are some diagnostic tests that can diagnose sinusitis?
* Based on the symptoms
* X-rays of the sinuses
* CT scan
* MRI
* Culture of nasal drainage
* Pressure in head
101
What is the aim of txs for sinusitis?
* relieving the pain
| * promoting sinus drainage
102
What are some medications for tx of sinusitis?
* Adrenergic nasal sprays
* Expectorants
* Acetaminophen
* Antibiotics-if bacterial infection present
* Hot moist packs
* Encourage fluids
* Room humidification
103
Where are the tonsils located?
• Both sides of oropharynx
104
Where are the adenoids located?
• Back of nasopharynx
105
What is tonsillitis/adenoiditis?
• When the lymph tissue becomes clogged with a virus or bacteria and infection occurs
106
What are the common organisms that causes tonsillitis/adenoiditis?
* Streptococcus
* Staphylococcus Aureaus
* H Influenza
* Pneumococcus
107
How can tonsillitis affect men adversely?
• Can affect the testis causing sterility
108
What are the S&S of tonsillitis?
* Sore throat lasting longer than 48 hrs
* Difficulty swallowing
* Headache, fever, chills
* Tenderness of jaw and throat
* Voice changes or loss of voice
* Malaise
109
What does a white tongue and tonsils indicate?
Strep throat
110
What are the tests to diagnose tonsillitis/adenoiditis?
* Physical exam-tonsils red or swollen with white or yellow exudate
* Throat culture-to identify causative agent and determine tx
* CBC
111
What are the txs for tonsillitis/adenoiditis?
* Medical management
* Broad spectrum antibiotics-causes diarrhea, N/V, rash, hives and yeast infections
* Acetaminophen
* Lozenges
* Saline gargles
* Surgery
112
When is surgery for tonsillitis/adenoiditis recommended?
* Infections that have positive throat culture for strep, large lymph nodes in the neck, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dyspnea (difficulty breathing), fever
* Frequency-about 7 episodes per yr, 5 episodes per yr for 2 yrs, 3 or more episodes per yr for 3 yrs or more
113
What is the surgery to remove the tonsils called?
Tonsillectomy
114
What are the post-op considerations for tonsillectomy?
* Airway patency
* Check for bleeding-drooling or frequent swallowing
* Semi-Fowler's position-reduces swelling and promotes drainage
* Fluids-for hydration, cold fluids. Avoid red-colored fluids
115
What is laryngitis?
* Inflammation of the mucus membranes lining the larynx (voice box)
* Caused by overuse (talking), irritants (smoking, alcohol, chemical exposure), infection (viral, bacterial, fungal)
116
What are the signs of laryngitis?
* Hoarseness
* Weak voice
* Tickling sensation and rawness of throat
* Sore throat
* Dry throat
* Swollen vocal cords
* Cry cough
* Fever
117
What are some tests done to dx laryngitis?
* Physical exam
* Laryngoscopy if symptoms last more than 2 weeks
* Fiberoptic larygoscopy-biopsy
118
What are the txs for laryngitis?
* Rest and rest voice
* Fluids
* Humidified air
* ASA or acetaminophen
* Antibiotics-if bacterial cause
* Biopsy for Ca
119
What is croup?
* Inflammation of the larynx and the airway just beneath it
* Swelling and narrowing of airway make it difficult to breathe
* Acute or benign
* Usually clears spontaneously
120
What causes croup?
* One of the cold viruses
* Spread by respiratory secretions or droplets in the air
* Comes on strongest during the night and may last bt 5-7 nights
* Most common in fall and winter
121
Who does croup primarily affect?
Children younger that 5 yrs bc of their sm airways they are more susceptible to narrowing when swollen
122
What are the symptoms of croup?
* Loud, harsh, barking cough
* Mild to moderate difficulty breathing
* Noisy when inhaling
* Low-grade fever
* Hoarse voice
* Sore throat
* Chest discomfort
123
What is the tx for croup?
* Increase humidity levels
* Cool, moist air
* Use hot water to create steam
* Go outside during winter
124
What is laryngotracheobronchitis?
* Acute croup
* Viral condition
* Edema, destroyed respiratory cilia, exudate
* Stridor develops then acute respiratory distress follows
125
What are the symptoms of laryngotracheobronchitis?
* Drooling or difficulty swallowing
* Increased difficulty breathing
* Worsening cough
* Blue or dusky colored skin around nose and mouth
* Crying and agitation worsens
126
What are the tx for laryngotracheobronchitis?
* Based on respiratory distress
* O2
* Monitoring O2 stats
* Inhalation tx
* Steroids
127
What is epiglotitis?
* Swelling of the tissues above the vocal cords-supraglottic swelling
* Results in narrowing or airway
* Can result in total obstruction
* Occurs most often bt 3-6 yrs
* Life-threatening medical emergency
128
What are the symptoms of Epiglotitis?
* Abrupt onset
* Child insists in sitting upright, leaning forward, with mouth opens and drooling
* Anxious, wide-eyed and restless
* No cough present
* Enlarge need, reddened, edematous epiglottis
129
What is the txs for epiglotitis?
* Life threatening
* Tracheostomy or endotracheal tube
* O2-to prevent hypoxia and brain damage
* Antibiotic
* Prevention: H influenza immunization
130
What are the S&S of epiglotitis?
* Rubbing or pulling of ear
* Rolling head from side to side
* Hearing loss
* Loud speech
* Inattentive behavior
* Articulation problems
* Speech development problems
131
How does epiglotitis manifest?
```
. Pain in ear
• Irritability
• Diminished hearing
• Fever >104
• Headache
• V/D
• Reddened or bulging tympanic membrane
• Eardrum may rapture and fluid drain
```
132
What are the txs for epiglotitis?
* Throat culture-to find organism
* Broad-spectrum Antibiotic
* Analgesics for pain
* Antipyretics
* Myringotomy-incision into eardrum to relieve pressure and prevent rapture
* PE (pressure equalizer) tube may be inserted to ventilate
133
What is influenza?
* A contagious viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs
* Often occurs in winter
* Also called: Flu, influenza A, influenza B, influenza C
134
What are the causes of influenza?
* New strains of type A virus develops regularly and cause new epidemics q few yrs
* Type B causes smaller outbreaks
* Type C usually causes mild illness
135
What are the risk factors for influenza?
* Age >50
* Diabetics
* Heart pts
* Asthma pts or other lung diseases
* Kidney pts
* Health care workers
* Pts with weakened immune systems ie AIDS, HIV
136
What are symptoms of influenza?
* Fever >104 F
* Aching muscles, esp back, arms and legs
* Chills, sweats
* Headache
* Dry cough
* Fatigue and weakness
* Nasal congestion and discharge
* SOB
* Loss of appetite
* Sore throat
137
What are the tx for influenza?
* Bed rest
* Fluids
* Antiviral meds-tamiflu, relenza
* Pyretics
138
What are the tests done to dx influenza?
* Physical exam
* CXR
* Bld work
139
What are some complications of influenza?
* Secondary bacterial infection
* Pneumonia
* Encephalitis (infection of the brain)
140
How to prevent influenza?
• Flu shot-over 50 yrs; pts with chronic heart, lung and kidney conditions; health care providers; pts living in institutions
141
What is pharyngitis?
* Inflammation of the pharynx
* Related to bacterial or viral infection
* Result of trauma to tissues
* Most common bacterial infection is caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci (strep throat)
142
What happens if strep throat is not treated with antibiotics?
* Lead to rheumatic fever
* Glomerulonephritis
* Other serious complications
143
What are the S&S of pharyngitis?
* Sore throat
* Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
* Red, swollen throat
* Exudate (drainage or pus) on throat (bacterial infection)
* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Malaise
144
What are the tests to diagnose pharyngitis?
• Throat culture and sensitivity test
145
What are the tx for pharyngitis?
* For bacterial pharyngitis-antibiotics
* Acetaminophen
* Lozenges
* Salt water gargles
* Honey and lemon in warm water gargles
* Encourage fluids
146
What is rhinitis?
* Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
* Release of histamine and other subs causes vasodilation and edema
* Occurs as a rxn to allergens ex food, pollen, dust, or molds
* May be viral or bacterial
147
What are the S&S of rhinitis?
```
Nasal congestion
• Localized itching
• Sneezing
• Sore throat
• Nasal discharge, fever and malaise
```
148
What tests are done to diagnose rhinitis?
* Skin test
| * A bld test for IgE antibodies
149
What are the tx for rhinitis?
* Antihistamines
* Allergy shots-desensitization
* For viral rhinitis-for symptoms only
* Decongestants
* Cough syrups
150
What is pneumonia?
* Lung infection
* Infectious agents enters and multiplies in the lungs of susceptible people
* Can be in one lobe of lung or scattered throughout lungs
151
Who are at risk for pneumonia?
* Very young
* > 65 yrs
* Immunocompromised people
152
How is pneumonia categorized?
• According to where it is acquired
153
What are some of the categories of pneumonia?
* HAP-hospital-acquired pneumonia develops in at least 24 hrs after hospital admission
* VAP-ventilator associated pneumonia
* HCAP-health care associated pneumonia develops in outpatients settings or nursing homes
* CAP-community acquired pneumonia
154
How is pneumonia spread?
* Cough of infected person
* Contaminated respiratory therapy equipment
* Infections in other parts of the body
* Aspiration of bacteria from the mouth, pharynx or stomach
155
What causes bacterial pneumonia?
caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, MRSA
156
What causes viral pneumonia?
-caused by influenza virus
157
What causes fungal pneumonia?
caused by candida, aspergillus
158
What causes aspiration pneumonia?
caused by aspiration of foreign substances
159
What causes ventilator pneumonia?
caused b dirty ventilators
160
What causes hypostatic pneumonia?
secretions pools in lungs and causes inflammation and infection
161
What causes chemical pneumonia?
caused by inhalation of toxic chemicals
162
How do you prevent pneumonias?
* regular coughing, deep breathing and position changes for pts on bed rest or after surgery to prevent HAP
* frequent booth wash and continuous suctioning for pts on vents
163
What are the S&S of pneumonia?
* Fever
* Shaking
* Chills
* Chest pain
* Dyspnea
* Fatigue
* Productive cough
* Rust colored or bld tinged sputum
* Purulent sputum
* Crackles and wheezes on auscultation of lungs
* Sore throat
* N/V
* Dry cough
164
What are some complications of pneumonia?
* Pleurisy
* Pleural effusion
* Atelectasis
* Septicemia
* Meningitis
* Septic arthritis
* Pericarditis
* Endocarditis
165
What are the tx for pneumonia?
Antibiotics
| Except if viral then an antiviral is used.
166
What are tests done to diagnose pneumonia?
* Chest X-ray
* Sputum and bld cultures
* Antiviral medications
167
What are respiratory allergies?
•Disease of the immune system that causes an overreactions to allergens
168
What is the tx for respiratory allergies?
• Prevent exposure to triggers
169
What is asthma?
* Inflammation and edema of the mucosal lining of the airways
* Spasms of the bronchial smooth muscles
* Causes narrow airways wh traps air-obstructive disorder
* Asthma triggers cause release of histamine and leukotrienes wh causes inflammation
170
What causes asthma?
* Inherited
* Viral respiratory infections
* Tobacco smoke
* Air pollen
* Early use of antibiotics
* Sensitization to house-dust mites and cockroaches
171
What are the triggers for asthma?
* Exposure to allergens:dust mites, cockroaches, some medications, pet dander and pollen
* Emotional upset
* Exercise
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease-GERD
172
What is the prevention for asthma?
• Cannot be prevented
173
What are the S&S of asthma?
* Intermittent-attacks that last from minutes to days
* Chest tightness
* Dyspnea
* Coughing
* Difficulty breathing
* Increased respiratory rate
* Wheezing
* Cough producing thick, clear sputum
* Use of accessory muscles-emergency situation
174
What are the complications of asthma?
* Status asthmaticus-resp alkalosis
* Resp acidosis
* Leads to resp failure and death
175
What are the tests done to diagnoses asthma?
* Based on report of symptoms
* Spirometry test
* Allergy skin testing
* Arterial bld gasses
* Pulmonary fx test
176
What are the tx for asthma?
* Self monitor
* Avoid triggers
* Medications
177
What are the medications used for tx of asthma?
* Bronchodialaters-give first (albuterol-rescue inhaler)
* Inhaled corticosteroids-fluticasone, buses onside
* Mast cell stabilizers-cromolyn sodium
* Subcutaneous short acting beta antagonist
* Oral corticosteroids-prednisone
178
What is cystic fibrosis?
* Life threatening genetic disorder
* 2 parents carry genes-carriers
* Called 65 roses bc easier for the children to call their disease
* Mucus builds up and clog some of the organs in the bdy esp lungs and pancreas
* Lead to lung damage from infection and infections
* No cure
179
What are the symptoms of CF?
* Very salty tasting skin
* Persistent coughing with phlegm at times
* Frequent lung infections
* Wheezing or SOB
* Poor growth or weight gain
* Frequent greasy, bulky stools
* Difficulty in BM
* Small, fleshy growths on nose-nasal polyps
180
How is CF diagnosed?
* Sweat test
| * Genetic test
181
What is the life expectancy for pts with CF?
* Depends on type of diet
| * Approx mid 30's
182
Why doesn't a lung transplant work?
* Bc it does not only involve the lungs • Affects pancreas
* Stomach
183
What do pts with CF need?
* Fat soluble vitamins bc they cannot absorb fats
* Chest physiotherapy
* Breathing tx
* Sometimes need gastric feeding
184
What are some tx for CF?
* Anti inflammatories
* Bronchodilators
* Mucus thinners
* Antibiotics
185
What is SIDS?
Unexplained death of a healthy infant < 1 year old
• Most common in 1-4 month olds
• 8000-10000 die per yr
186
What are contributors to SIDS?
* Hx of SIDS in family
| * Clutter in crib
187
What are some ways to prevent SIDS?
* Firm mattress
* Smoke free
* No stuffed animals in crib
188
What can occur if the infant is resuscitated?
Can have brain damage from loss of O2-anoxia
189
What is RSV?
• Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood
190
What is the tx for RSV?
Treatment is limited to supportive care, including oxygen therapy.
191
What is second hand smoke?
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). SHS is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that come from burning tobacco
192
What is Sidestream smoke ?
smoke from the lighted end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar
193
What is Mainstream smoke ?
the smoke exhaled by a smoker
194
What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
chronic lung disorder that is most common among children who were born prematurely, with low birthweights and who received prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome
195
How is BPD diagnosed?
Positive pressure ventilation during the first 2 weeks of life for a minimum of 3 days.
Clinical signs of abnormal respiratory function.
Requirements for supplemental oxygen for longer than 28 days of age to maintain PaO2 above 50 mm Hg.
Chest radiograph with diffuse abnormal findings characteristic of BPD.
196
What are expectorants?
* Medications that act to break up thick mucus secretions of lungs and bronchi
* Ex: Robitussin, saline solns, potassium iodide
* Pt has to have a productive cough to get expectorants
197
What do you monitor when administering narcotics?
Respiratory rate bc it causes respiratory depression
198
What are mucolytics?
* Medications that reduces the thickness and stickiness of pulmonary secretions by dissolving the mucus plugs
* Breaks up protein molecules in the mucus
* Ex: acetylcysteine
199
What are antihistamines?
* Nasal decongestants
* Reduces swelling
* If have an allergy the bdy releases histamines, it is important to take antihistamines early with a decongestant to reduce swelling
* Ex: Benadryl, Seldane, Tavist, Hismanal, Zyrtec
200
What are antitussives?
• Cough suppressants
• Suppress non productive cough
• Ex: narcotics-codeine. Non narcotics-Sucrets, Benyln
166) What are nasal decongestants?
• Promotes drainage
• Improves nasal air passage
• Relieves stuffiness
• Constricts the bld vessels in nasal passages making exchange of air easier• Ex: Sudafed
• People with HTN and take MAOI's should not take decongestants
201
) What are bronchodilators?
• Meds used to tx asthma
• expands the lumina of the air passages of the lungs.
an agent which causes dilatation of the bronchi.
• Ex: theophylline
• Children on bronchodilators with fast HR may be having a toxic effect (adverse effect)
