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A&P Test 3 > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

moving air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

Transport

A

– transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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5
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

From aorta; 2% of cardiac output
Bronchial veins drain into pulmonary veins
Do not take part in gas exchange “physiological shunt”

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6
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle

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7
Q

FUNTIONS OF NOSE

A 
Heat and moister exchanger (HME)
Air conditioning
100% humidification  and
Warming  the inspired air
Filtration, by nasal hairs
Up to 6 micrometer particles
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8
Q

Conductive zone

A

Consists of nose, pharynx, trachea (10 to 12 cm long), bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Cartilage is present only in the trachea and bronchi. Brings air in and out. Warms, humidifies, filter air. Anatomic dead space. Walls of conducting airways contain smooth muscle

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9
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli (300 millions in each lung). Participate in gas exchange

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10
Q

Larynx- what is it?

A

Voice Box

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11
Q

The three functions of the larynx are

A

To provide a patent airway
To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
To function in voice production

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12
Q

where does the larynx attach?

A

Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly
Continuous with the trachea posteriorly

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13
Q

Epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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14
Q

Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx

A

Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

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15
Q

Vallecula epiglottica

A

The depressions on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold.

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16
Q

what does the Thyroid form?

A

largest cartilage forms the adams apple

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17
Q

cricoid what is the beginning of?

cricoid is where anatomically?

A

forms the beginning of the trachea.

most inferior-

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18
Q

Narrowest point of larynx: In adult

A

between the vocal cords

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19
Q

Narrowest point of larynx: In child

A

below cords at cricoid

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20
Q

False vocal cords- where are they found?

A

Mucosal folds superior to the true vocal cords

Have no part in sound production

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21
Q

Vocal Ligaments attach ____ to _____

A

Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

Vocal Ligaments composed of what?

how do they produce sound?

A

Composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords
The medial opening between them is the glottis
They vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

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23
Q

Speech vocal production?

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

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24
Q

Pitch production?

A

determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords

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25
Loudness
– depends upon the FORCE at which the air rushes across the vocal cords
26
what does the pharynx do for vocal production
resonates, amplifies and enhances sound quality.
27
how is sound shaped?
it is shaped into language by action of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
28
when is the larynx closed?
during coughing, sneezing and valsalvas maneuver
29
what is the valsalvas maneuver? what are the functions of valsalvas maneuver? 3things
when air is held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis. causes intra-abdominal pressure to rise when abdominal muscles contract. helps empty the rectum stabilize the trunk when lifting heavy loads.
30
LarynX is supplied by
X cranial nerve (Vagus)
31
Superior laryngeal nerve (major sensory nerve) has two branches
Internal laryngeal nerve | External laryngeal nerve
32
Superior laryngeal nerve motor to what muscle?
cricothyroid muscle
33
Posterior cricoarytenoid
abduct (open/dilate) the cords
34
lateral cricoarytenoid
adduct (close) the cords
35
Cricothyroid
cords tighten
36
thyroarytenoid
they relax
37
Sensations above the vocal cord
internal laryngeal nerve
38
sensations below the cords
recurrent laryngeal nerve
39
stimulation of internal laryngeal nerve results in?
laryngospasm
40
injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in
paralysis of cricoarytenoid vocal cords cannot come together-hoarseness most common injury after subtotal thyroidectomy.
41
bilateral injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in
stridor, aphonia
42
transverse arytenoids
Closes rima glottidis
43
Oblique arytenoids
Controls sphincters to vestibules; decreases volume of larynx (narrows the inlet)
44
Aryepiglottics
Controls sphincters to vestibules(narrows the inlet)
45
Thyroepiglottics
Controls sphincters to vestibules (widens the inlet)
46
Cricothyroids
Increases vocal cord tension ( tenses the cord)
47
Thyroarytenoids
Reduces cord tension ( relaxes the cord)
48
Damage to external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve results
Paralysis of cricothyroid muscle The vocal cords cannot be tensed Weakness and huskiness of voice
49
Unilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve damage
Most common injury after subtotal thyroidectomy Paralyze (flaccid) cord assumes an intermediate position (midway between abduction and adduction) Characterize by hoarseness
50
Bilateral Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve damage
Both cords paralyzed (floppy) leads to aphonia Each paralyzed cord assumes an intermediate position (midway between abduction and adduction) “adductor paralysis” The cords can flop together causing airway obstruction during inspiration Intubation is required Extremely rare
51
Hoarseness after subtotal thyroidectomy may be caused by damage to 2 possibilities
Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (most common) OR | External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
52
Stridor after thyroidectomy may result from | 2 things
Hypocalcemia (tense cord due to tetany) OR | Bilateral damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (floppy cords)
53
Respiratory Epithelium tell me about cilia
Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium Cilia clear the passageways- “house keepers” Goblet cells secret mucus Smoking knocks down cilia lead to no house keeping leading to stasis leads to infections
54
Respiratory Membrane“blood/gas barrier- total surface area
70m2
55
Diffusion Capacity of lung for Carbonmonoxide(DLCO)
Reduced DLCO indicates disrupted alveolar capillary surface Abnormal in emphysema and interstitial fibrosis with destruction of lung parenchyma Very small amount of CO (0.3%) is used
56
Expiration
is normally “passive” process
57
what happens after inspiration to the lung chest wall system
it returns to its resting position after inspiration due to its elasticity
58
expiratory muscles name the 5
``` rectus abdominis tranversus abdominis internal oblique external oblique internal intercostal ```
59
when are expiratory muscles used
during exercise or when airway resistance is high (asthma)
60
what is the most important muscle for inspiration
diaphragm
61
name the inspiratory muscles (4)
diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, sternomastoids muscles
62
what type of process of inspiration
its an active process
63
Normal value of dead space
150ml= wasted ventilation
64
factors that increase dead space (7)
pulmonary vascular disease pulmonary embolism copd ards pulmonary fibrosis shock old age positive pressure ventilation
65
factors that decrease dead space
artificial airways (due to narrow diameter)
66
Anatomical dead space
Is the volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange occur Normally = 150 ml [ 2ml/kg]
67
Alveolar dead space
is the volume of air that enters non-perfused or poorly perfused alveoli. Normally = zero
68
Physiological dead space
Anatomical DS+ Alveolar DS Is volume of lung that does not participate in gas exchange Is approximately equal to the anatomical dead space in normal lung May be greater that the anatomical dead space in lung disease, in which there are V/Q inequalities e.g. shunting or alveolar collapse
69
Minute ventilation
Sum of all exhaled gas volume in 1 minute Minute ventilation =Tidal volume x Breaths/min = 5 L/min
70
Alveolar ventilation:
Volume of inspired gases actually taking part in gas exchange in 1 minute PCO2 indicates alveolar ventilation Alveolar ventilation = (Tidal Volume-Dead space) x Breaths/min
71
tell me about the diaphragm
most important muscle of inspiration. dome-shaped sheet of muscle which separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It acts like a piston. to initiate inspiration it contracts causing it to descend. this action increases intrathoracic volume and decreases the intrathoracic pressure below atmospheric pressure allowing air to enter the lungs down its pressure gradient.
72
how much does the diaphragm account for
75% of tidal volume during normal quiet respiration
73
which supplies the diaphragm
the phrenic nerve C3,4,5
74
pain from the diaphragm is referred where?
shoulder

A&P Test 3 (4 decks)

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