Respiratory 1 (USE THIS LATEST EDITION!)

Question 1

chronic hypoxemia

Answer 1

1. pulmonary hypertension
2. Right ventricular hypertrophy
3. Polycythemia
4. Hypercapnia

Question 2

polycythemia

Answer 2

increase in hemoglobin

Question 3

hypercapnia

Answer 3

increase in Co2

Question 4

Atelectasis

Answer 4

partial or complete collapse of the lung

Question 5

what causes atelectasis?

Answer 5

compression of the lung when fluid or air accumulates in the pleural cavity

Question 6

What does atelectasis result in

Answer 6

resorption, compression, contraction

Question 7

pulmonary hypertension results in

Answer 7

increased work, right heart failure (cor pulmonale), occlusion of lumen of pulmonary arteries

Question 8

large pulmonary emboli lead to

Answer 8

right heart failure and death

Question 9

pulmonary emboli arise in… and pass through

Answer 9

deep leg veins, venous circulation to heart and pulmonary arteries

Question 10

in a clinical setting, pulmonary emboli is marked by

Answer 10

venous stasis= CHF, prolonged bed rest or sitting

Question 11

liver cirrhosis and pulmonary emboli lead to

Answer 11

thrombo-emboli

Question 12

pulmonary emboli can be caused by

Answer 12

cancer, fractures, childbirth, foreign material

Question 13

what causes pulmonary edema

Answer 13

left ventricular heart failure

Question 14

2 wats Pneumonia spreads

Answer 14

air space spread (bacteria)
interstitial spread (viral)

Question 15

pneumonia classification (SIACH pneumonic)

Answer 15

1 Community acquired
2 Hospital acquired (nosocomial)
3 acquired in Special environments
4 Immunosuppressed
5 Aspiration

Question 16

Bronchopneumonia

Answer 16

acute bacterial pneumonia on bronchi, spread to adjacent alveoli

• filled with exudate
• affected areas consolidate

Question 17

Lung of bronchopneumonia looks

Answer 17

firm, airless, dark red or gray

FADrg pneumonic

Question 18

Where is pus formed in bronchopneumonia?

Answer 18

peripheral bronchi

Question 19

lobar pneumonia

Answer 19

microorganisms colonize distal alveolar air spaces, not bronchi; rapid spread to alveolar air spaces and bronchioles lead to acute inflammatory exudate limited by pulmonary fissures

Question 20

2 organisms of lobar pneumonia?

Answer 20

strep. pneumoniae and klebsiella

Question 21

appearance of lobar pneumonia?

Answer 21

consolidated and airless

Question 22

Can ppl with lobar pneumonia recover with normal structure and fxn?

Answer 22

YES!

Question 23

Community acquired pneumonia is what percent strep. pneumoniae

Answer 23

33%

Question 24

How do you diagnose hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 24

bronchial lavage with expectorated sputum; infection 2+days after hospitalization; incidence is 5% of admitted

Question 25

What is the most lethal form of viral interstitial pneumonitis?

Answer 25

influenza

Question 26

Staph aureus of viral interstitial pneumonitis leads to

Answer 26

STAPH AUREUS SUPER INFECTION

Question 27

What kind of pneumonia is in the immunosuppressed?

Answer 27

fungal pneumonia

Question 28

Examples of fungal pneumonia organisms

Answer 28

CAP | candida, aspergillus, pneumocystic jirovecii(alveoli filled with fine, foamlike material)

Question 29

What type of pneumonia spreads through alveoli to involve whole lobes?

Answer 29

lobar type

Question 30

What kind of pneumonia is spread from tracheobronchial infection?

Answer 30

bronchopneumonia

Question 31

atypical pneumonia causes

Answer 31

interstitial inflammation

Question 32

different organisms that cause community acquired pneumonia . most common is

Answer 32

strep pneumonia

Question 33

most hospital acquired cases of pneumonia are due to

Answer 33

gram neg organisms

Question 34

specific environmental exposure associated with..

Answer 34

legionnaire disease and fungal pneumonias

Question 35

what pneumonia results in both chemical and infective damage to lungs

Answer 35

aspiration pneumonia

Question 36

opportunistic mycobacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa are most often in

Answer 36

immunosupresssed

Question 37

Bronchiectasis

Answer 37

permanent abnormal dilation of bronchial tree due to chronic infection with inflammation and necrosis of bronchial wall

Question 38

Symptoms of Bronchiectasis

Answer 38

recurrent cough + hemoptysis, purulent sputum

Question 39

Airway of bronchiectasis is how many times larger?

Answer 39

5-6x

Question 40

What causes a bacterial lung abcess

Answer 40

bronchiectasis

Question 41

Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases

Answer 41

Asthma (narrowing) emphysema (loss of elastic recoil) chronic bronchitis (narrowing)

Question 42

Astma Extrinsic Type (immune, atopic) mediated by

Answer 42

type 1 hypersensitivity, response with IgE on mast cells

Question 43

sputum of asthma extrinsic type

Answer 43

charcot-leyden crystals and curshmann spirals

Question 44

emphysema

Answer 44

permanent dilation of any part of the respiratory acinus; weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus; can lead to pneumothorax

Question 45

What is the pink puffer (pink complexion) associated with?

Answer 45

emphysema

Question 46

Exhalation becomes active; increased anteriorposterior diameter of the chest (barrel chest); increased total vital capacity occurs in

Answer 46

emphysema

Question 47

Emphysema and proteases

Answer 47

there is an imbalance b/w proteases and their inhibitors

Question 48

smoking and emphysema

Answer 48

smoking increases release of protease (elastase) from neutrophils and macrophages; inactivates alpha antitrypsin which destroys the alveolar wall

Question 49

congenital emphysema

Answer 49

lack of protease inhibitors

Question 50

chronic bronchitis

Answer 50

airway obstruction due to luminal narrowing +mucus plugging

Question 51

What causes airway narrowing?

Answer 51

chronic bronchitis and asthma

Question 52

What causes loss of recoil in the lungs

Answer 52

emphysema

Question 53

What is a chronic inflammatory response in airways, leading to reversible airways obstruction?

Answer 53

asthma

Question 54

muscle spasms, mucous plugging, and mucosal edema cause

Answer 54

airway obstruction

Question 55

generalized emphysema is

Answer 55

permanent dilation of the respiratory acinus with destruction of tissue in the absence of scarring

Question 56

emphysema is caused by

Answer 56

unregulated extracellular protease (secreted from inflammatory cells) activity

Question 57

2 patterns of generalized edema

Answer 57

centrilobular and panacinar

Question 58

airways show mucus hyper secretion with gland hyperplasia in

Answer 58

chronic bronchitis

Question 59

many patines with chronic bronchitis also have

Answer 59

asthma and emphysema components

Question 60

pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure are common in patients with

Answer 60

COPD