Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is croup also known as?

A

Acute laryngeotracheobronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the usual age range for croup?

A

6 months to 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What age is the peak incidence for croup?

A

2 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organisms can cause croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What counts as a high respiratory rate for a neonate?

A

> 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What counts as a high respiratory rate for an infant?

A

> 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What counts as a high respiratory rate for a young child?

A

> 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What counts as a high respiratory rate for an older child?

A

> 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some signs of respiratory distress in a paediatric patient?

A 
Nasal flaring 
Grunting 
Head bobbing 
Tachypnoea 
Tracheal tug
Inter- and subcostal recession
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some acute causes of upper airway obstruction and stridor?

A

Infectious: croup, epiglottitis, tracheitis, measles

Non-infectious: foreign body, anaphylaxis, trauma, hypocalcaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some chronic causes of upper airway obstruction and stridor?

A

Congenital: laryngomalacia, laryngeal web, vascular ring, cystic hygroma

Acquired: stenosis, papilloma, mediastinal mass, damage to vocal cords/spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical features of croup?

A
  • Short history of cough, rhinorrhoea and fever progressing to a barking cough and hoarseness
  • Stridor
  • Tachypnoea, recessions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the features of mild croup?

A

Occasional barking cough, no audible stridor at rest, no suprasternal or intercostal recessions, child will eat, drink and play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the features of moderate croup?

A

Frequent barking cough, audible stridor at rest, suprasternal and sternal wall retraction, not too distressed or agitated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the features of severe croup?

A

Frequent barking cough, prominent stridor at rest, marked recessions, agitation or lethargic or restless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the differentials of croup?

A

Epiglottitis, inhaled foreign body, acute anaphylaxis, tracheitis, Laryngomalacia, peritonsillar abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can croup be differentiated from epiglottitis?

A
  • Croup comes on over days, epiglottitis over hours
  • Croup has a coryza prodrome, epiglottitis does not
  • Croup has a barking cough, epiglottitis only a slight cough if any
  • Epiglottitis has a higher grade fever
  • Stridor in croup is rasping, epiglottitis is soft
  • Hoarse voice in croup, weak voice or silent in epiglottitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When should a child be admitted with mild croup?

A
  • Previous history of severe airway obstruction
  • Less than 6 months old
  • Inadequate fluid intake
  • Poor response to initial treatment
  • Significant parental anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is croup treated?

A

Single dose of oral dexamethasone (0.15mg/kg) or oral prednisolone (1-2mg/kg)

Nebulised adrenaline

Oxygen as required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What organism causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When are vaccines against whooping cough given?

A

2, 3 and 4 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the clinical features of whooping cough?

A

Catarrhal phase (1-2 weeks) - rhinitis, dry cough, conjunctivitis, irritability, low grade fever, sore throat

Paroxysmal phase (2-8 weeks) - severe paroxysms of coughing followed by an inspiratory gasp (whoop sound)

Convalescent phase - cough gradually decreases in frequency and severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the differentials of whooping cough?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma

24
Q

How is whooping cough investigated?

Study These Flashcards
A

Nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab if cough <2 weeks

Anti-pertussis toxin IgG serology if cough >2 weeks

25
When is hospital admission indicated in whooping cough?
- Acutely unwell and <6 months of age - Apnoeic episodes, cyanosis, respiratory distress - Feeding difficulties
26
What antibiotic can be given in whooping cough?
Clarithromycin or azithromycin | Co-trimoxazole is 2nd line
27
What are the complications of whooping cough?
Bacterial pneumonia Seizures Encephalopathy Otitis media
28
What is asthma characterised by?
Reversible and paroxysmal constriction of the airways, with airway occlusion by inflammatory exudate and late airway remodelling
29
What are some risk factors for asthma?
``` Family history of atopy Low birth weight Prematurity Parental smoking Viral bronchiolitis in early life ```
30
What are some precipitating factors of asthma?
- Cold air - Exercise - Pollution - Beta blockers - NSAIDs - Allergens
31
How can asthma be investigated?
Spirometry (FEV1:FVC < 70%) Peak expiratory flow rate Forced exhaled nitric oxide
32
What is the stepwise management of asthma?
Step 1 - SABA Step 2 - Regular inhaled corticosteroids Step 3 - LABA or montelukast Step 4 - increase dose of corticosteroids Step 5 - regular oral steroids
33
What are the features of a mild/moderate exacerbation of asthma?
``` Breathless SpO2 > 92% RR <30 for over 5s, <40 for under 5s No or minimal accessory muscle use Feeding well or talking in full sentences Wheeze ```
34
What are the features of a severe exacerbation of asthma?
``` SpO2 < 92% PEFR 33-50% predicted RR >30 for over 5s or >40 for under 5s Too breathless to feed or talk HR >125 for over 5s or >140 for under 5s Use of accessory muscles Audible wheeze ```
35
What are the features of a life threatening exacerbation of asthma?
``` SpO2 < 92% PEFR <33% predicted Silent chest Poor respiratory effort Altered consciousness Agitation/confusion Exhaustion Cyanosis ```
36
What is the management of an exacerbation of asthma?
``` Oxygen Inhaled/nebulised salbutamol Ipratropium bromide Oral prednisolone Consider magnesium sulphate ```
37
What is bronchiolitis?
Viral infection of the bronchioles commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus
38
What ages does bronchiolitis usually affect?
Children under the age of 2
39
What are some risk factors for bronchiolitis?
- Being breast fed for less than 2 months - Smoke exposure - Having siblings who attend nursery or school - Chronic lung disease due to prematurity
40
What are the clinical features of bronchiolitis?
Nasal congestion, cough, rhinorrhoea, low-grade fever, difficulty feeding, tachypnoea, grunting, nasal flaring, recessions, crackles, wheeze, cyanosis
41
What are some differentials of bronchiolitis?
Pneumonia, croup, cystic fibrosis, heart failure
42
How is bronchiolitis investigated?
Nasopharyngeal aspirate or throat swab - RSV rapid testing and viral cultures Blood/urine cultures FBC ABG if severely unwell CXR
43
When should a child with bronchiolitis be admitted to hospital?
- Apnoea - Looking seriously unwell - Severe respiratory distress eg grunting, recessions - Central cyanosis - Sats < 92% - RR > 60 - Inadequate fluid intake
44
How is bronchiolitis managed?
Oxygen if sats <92% Fluids via NG tube if inadequate oral intake Consider CPAP if respiratory failure Nebulised 3% saline may improve sx No role for antibiotics, steroids or bronchodilators
45
When can discharge of a child with bronchiolitis be considered?
When the child is clinically stable, taking adequate oral fluids and maintaining sats > 92% for more than 4 hours
46
What are some complications of bronchiolitis?
Hypoxia, dehydration, respiratory failure, persistent cough or wheeze, bronchiolitis obliterans
47
How long does bronchiolitis usually last?
7-10 days, can be coughing for up to 6 weeks
48
What are the clinical features of acute epiglottitis?
Dyspnoea, dysphagia, drooling, dysphonia, fever, soft stridor, tripod position
49
What organisms usually cause acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenza, strep pneumoniae
50
How is acute epiglottitis managed?
Secure airway, oxygen, nebulised adrenaline, IV cefotaxime/ceftriaxone, IV steroids
51
Give some causes of wheeze
Viral induced, bronchiolitis, croup, foreign body, anaphylaxis asthma, reflux
52
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene which encodes a chloride channel - reduced amount of water in secretions
53
What are the clinical features in cystic fibrosis in neonates?
Meconium ileus (abdominal distention, delayed passage of meconium and bilious vomiting in the first days of life) Failure to thrive Prolonged neonatal jaundice
54
How can cystic fibrosis present in infancy?
Failure to thrive, recurrent chest infections, pancreatic insufficiency (steatorrhoea)
55
How is cystic fibrosis investigated?
``` Chloride sweat test CXR OGGT LFT and coagulation Sputum sample Spirometry Faecal elastase CT chest ```
56
How is cystic fibrosis managed?
- Patient education - Twice daily physiotherapy - Mucolytics - Exercise - Manage airway infections (at least 2 weeks of antibiotics)
57
What are some complications of cystic fibrosis?
``` Bronchiectasis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Pulmonary hypertension Pneumothorax Nasal polyps ``` ``` Rectal prolapse CF related diabetes Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome Cirrhosis Delayed puberty ```

Paediatrics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions