Respiratory

Question 1

What does the diaphragm separate/

Answer 1

The thorax from the abdominal cavity

Question 2

What is stuck on the central tendon ?

Answer 2

Fibrous pericardium

Question 3

What does lung parenchyma create?

Answer 3

The functional cells of the lung

Question 4

What is the trachea made of?

Answer 4

Hyaline cartilage
*for strength to prevent collapse

Question 5

What lines the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

Answer 5

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 6

Tall and wide cells?

Answer 6

Cubiodal

Question 7

Taller than wide?

Answer 7

Columnar

Question 8

Flat cells?

Answer 8

Squamous

Question 9

What creates mucus?

Answer 9

Mucin + water
*will warm and humidify, and trap things

Question 10

What does the cilia of the nose do?

Answer 10

Will move the mucus to the oral cavity
*either spit or swallow

Question 11

Inspiration causes what to happen?

Answer 11

1. Contraction of the diaphragm (Flatter)
2. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles (widen)

Question 12

Expirations causes what to happen?

Answer 12

1. Relaxation of the diaphragm (Belled)
2. Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles (Decrease thoracic space)

Question 13

What is lung compliance?

Answer 13

1. Ability of the lungs to expand (elasticity)
   *lungs trying to go back to original shape

Question 14

Nerve supply of the diaphragm?

Answer 14

Phrenic C3-C5

Question 15

What is residual volume?

Answer 15

Air remaining in lungs after animal exhale
*walls of the alveoli want to collapse if they are empty
*Alveoli are sticky wont let lungs empty

Question 16

What is vital capacity?

Answer 16

Maximal amount of air that can be move into or out of lungs

Question 17

What is dead space?

Answer 17

Areas where gas exchange cannot occur
*results of a disease process

Question 18

What is the medulla responsible (Breathing)

Answer 18

1. Inspiratory/expiratory center (forced expiration)
   *set respiratory rate

Question 19

What is the pons responsible for?

Answer 19

Coordinate rate of breathing cycle
*Speed up or slow down the rate

Question 20

How does the pons know to increase the breathing rate?

Answer 20

1. Depends on o2 levels and co2 level
2. Will monitor pco2
   *Pc02 will directly predict the o2 binding levels of hemoglobin

Question 21

What are Pco2 levels a predictor of?

Answer 21

1. How much available 02 there is

Question 22

If there is an increase in PCO2 what will happen?

Answer 22

The pons will increase the breathing rate
*then the medulla will increase respiratory rate

Question 23

What is the purpose of the type I pneumocytes?

Answer 23

Make up the respiratory membrane
*Make up the functional walls of the alveolars

Question 24

What is the purpose of the type II pneumocytes?

Answer 24

Responsible for secreting surfactant

Question 25

What is surfactant?

Answer 25

Lines the inner part of the alveolar to prevent the tubes from sticking from each other

Question 26

If there is a right shift what does that mean?

Answer 26

Decreased affinity *delivering more O2 to tissues

Question 27

If there is a left shift what does that mean?

Answer 27

increased affinity *delivering less O2 to tissues

Question 28

As O2 increases what does that mean for the hemoglobin?

Answer 28

As O2 increases in the blood stream more and more O2 will be bound to individual hemoglobins

Question 29

What are the vocal folds made of?

Answer 29

Bands of connective tissue

Question 30

How do vocal folds generate sound?

Answer 30

By rubbing against each other

Question 31

During talking how are the vocal folds?

Answer 31

Closed *bc they need to rub against each other

Question 32

What will create a phoneme?

Answer 32

The tongue and teeth positioning

Question 33

What is the responsibility of the tongue?

Answer 33

1. Speech production 2. Direct food to the chewing surfaces of the teeth

Question 34

What are the front teeth responsible for?

Answer 34

Cutting and slicing

Question 35

What are the back teeth used for?

Answer 35

Grinding

Question 36

Where is the epiglottis located?

Answer 36

At the back of the tongue

Question 37

What is the epiglottis made of?

Answer 37

Connective tissue

Question 38

If food goes into the laryngeal space what can happen?

Answer 38

You can choke

Question 39

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 39

To cover over the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting stuck in the respiratory tract

Question 40

Are the respiratory disease medical emergencies?

Answer 40

Many of them are not medical emergencies

Question 41

Why aren’t antibiotics useful for a viral infection?

Answer 41

1. Short, and no proofreading enzymes 2. Short replication

Question 42

What lines the sinuses?

Answer 42

Pseudo stratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Question 43

What creates pus?

Answer 43

Dead bacteria and dead WBC

Question 44

What is sinusitis?

Answer 44

Results from infection (viral) if the swelling of the mucus membranes allows bacteria to flourish

Question 45

What are lower respiratory tract infections?

Answer 45

Infection or inflammation of the lung parenchyma that includes 1. Small tubes that do not have cartilage on them or alveolar components

Question 46

What is bronchiolitis?

Answer 46

RSV-a myxovirus *can kill infants *can progress into pneumonia

Question 47

What is lobar pneumonia?

Answer 47

1. All of one or more lobes *streptococcus pneumoniae: high fever

Question 48

What. Is bronchopneumonia?

Answer 48

1. Scattered patches *various bacteria (mild fever)

Question 49

What is Primary atypical pneumonia?

Answer 49

1. Scattered patches *viral (fever may be absent)

Question 50

Are obstructive lung diseases caused by an infective process?

Answer 50

No *functional change in the lung tissue itself

Question 51

What causes aspiration?

Answer 51

1. The epiglottis doesn’t work, fails to cover the opening of the larynx

Question 52

What is COPD?

Answer 52

The capacity of the lungs to move air in ventilation is decreased less air can move through the lungs *Less gas exchange

Question 53

What is pulmonary edema?

Answer 53

1. Fluid collection in the intestinal space *between the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli) 2. Due to the increase in pulmonary hydrostatic pressure

Question 54

Where is blood going in pulmonary edema?

Answer 54

The blood coming to and from the lungs is pushin to hard to get to where its going

Question 55

What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation on?

Answer 55

The right side of the heart

Question 56

What are some reasons for pulmonary edema?

Answer 56

1. Something blocking the flow 2. Too much blood bc we’re having a hard time pushing it out of the ventricle into the next space

Question 57

Why would blood have a hard time getting out of the ventricle?

Answer 57

Congestive heart failure (right-sided)

Question 58

What does the high hydrostatic pressure do to the water?

Answer 58

Pushes water out of the blood vessel and into the interstitial space *Go into the alveolis

Question 59

What does fluid in the alveoli cause?

Answer 59

1. Dilutes the surfactant (which prevents the pneumocytes from sticking together and collapsing ) now they want to stick together and collapse

Question 60

What is pulmonary edema do to the gas exchange?

Answer 60

Decrease it *2nd to pneumonia

Question 61

What is pulmonary embolis>

Answer 61

Moving clot

Question 62

When would a pulmonary emboli be a problem?

Answer 62

If they lodge in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk into right and left pulmonary arteries *wil die

Question 63

Where do the emboli come from?

Answer 63

1. Leg veins 2. Right atrium

Question 64

What do the lungs need to fully inflate?

Answer 64

A vacuum

Question 65

What is an atelectasis?

Answer 65

When the parietal pleura and visceral pleura are separated