Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals Revision > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large-cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What findings on chest X-ray are suggestive of lung cancer?

A

Hilar enlargement
“peripheral opacity”
Pleural effusion
Collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the extra pulmonary manifestations of lung cancer?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
Phrenic nerve palsy
Superior vena cava obstruction - Pemberton’s sign
Horner’s syndrome - Pancoast’s tumour in the apex pressing on the sympathetic ganglion
SIADH
Cushings
Hypercalcaemia
Limbic encephalitis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Pemberton’s sign?

A

Raising the hands over the head causes facial congestion and cyanosis - medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does superior vena cava obstruction present?

A

Facial swelling
Difficulty breathing
Distended veins in the neck and upper chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome?

A

Antibodies produced against small cell lung cancer cells.
These also target and damage voltage-gated calcium channels on presynaptic terminals in motor neurones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the symptoms of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome?

A

Proximal muscle weakness
Some cranial nerve motor weakness: intraocular (double vision), elevator muscles (ptosis), pharyngeal muscles (slurred speech and dysphagia)
Autonomic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome?

A

Reduced tendon reflexes that become temporarily normal for a short period following a period of strong muscle contraction (post-tetanic potentiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mesothelioma linked to?

A

Asbestos inhalation, with a big latent period. Poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of resp failure is BiPAP used in?

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do you see on a high res CT in someone with interstitial lung disease?

A

Ground glass appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What medications can be used to slow the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Pirfenidone (antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory)
Nintedanib - monoclonal antibody targeting tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drugs can induce pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Amiodarone
Cyclophosphamide
Methotrexate
Nitrofurantoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (aka extrinsic allergic alveoli’s)

A

Type III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you test for hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage - shows raised lymphocytes and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Bird-fanciers lung
Farmers lung
Mushroom workers lung
Malt workers lung

17
Q

What is cryptogenic organising pneumonia?

A

Focal area of inflammation of the lung tissue. Presents very similar to pneumonia both in symptoms and on X-ray. Lung biopsy. Treat with systemic corticosteroids

18
Q

What is pulmonary hypertension

A

Increased resistance and pressure of blood in the pulmonary arteries

19
Q

What are the 5 groups of causes for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Group 1 - primary pulmonary hypertension or connective tissue disease -e.g. SLE
Group 2 - Left heart failure
Group 3 - Chronic lung disease
Group 4 - Pulmonary vascular disease e.g. PE
Group 5 - Miscellaneous causes such as sarcoidosis, glycogen storage disease and haematological disorders

20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Shortness of breath
Syncope
Tachycardia
Raised JVP
Hepatomegaly
Peripheral oedema

21
Q

What changes do you see on ECG in pulmonary hypertension?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy = larger R waves on right sided chest leads (V1-3)
Right axis deviation
RBBB

22
Q

What changes do you see on chest x ray in pulmonary hypertension?

A

Dilated pulmonary arteries
Right ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

What is an example of a LABA?

A

Formoterol
Salmetarol

24
Q

How do muscarinic antagonists work to increase airway dilation?

A

Block the effects of ACh on muscarinic receptors in smooth. muscle
M3 receptors blocked = reduced Ca2+ intracellular concentrations

25
Q

What is Ipatropium?

A

SAMA

26
Q

What is Tiotropium?

A

LAMA

27
Q

What cells produce cysteinyl leukotrienes, causing smooth muscle contractions?

A

Mast cells

28
Q

How does Montelukast work?

A

Blocks binding of leukotrienes toCystLT1 receptors

29
Q

How does Zileuton work?

A

Inhibits lipoxygenase, the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into leukotrienes

30
Q

What is Theophylline?

A

A Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

31
Q

How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors help bronchodilation?

A

Bind to adenosine A1 receptors and block adenosine mediated bronchoconstriction
Prevent phosphodiesterase inhibitors from breaking down cAMP in smooth muscle cells

32
Q

How do corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

A

Suppress activated inflammatory genes at a low dose, or actually code for anti-inflammatory proteins at a high dose

Finals Revision (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions