Respiratory

Question 1

What structures are included in the proximal conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharyx and oropharynx, larynx

Question 2

Where is the esophagus in relation to the conducting portion of respiratory system?

Answer 2

posterior

Question 3

What kind of epithelium does the conducting portion of resp system have?

Answer 3

pseudostratified columnar with cilia (exceptions: olfactory area of nasal cavity oropharyx, parts of epiglottis and vocal cords)

Question 4

What type of epithelium do the vocal cords have?

Answer 4

non-keratinized stratified columnar

Question 5

What structures are included int the distal portion of the conduction respiratory system?

Answer 5

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles (last branch is the terminal bronchiole)

Question 6

Structure of the trachea

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage (C-shaped partial ring) open posteriorly for expansion and contraction; trachealis (SM) in open part of the C

Question 7

describe “typical” respiratory epithelium

Answer 7

pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia

Question 8

describe more distal/smaller bronchi epithelium

Answer 8

gradual transition to simple columnar epithelium w/ cilia still apparent

Question 9

describe bronchioles and more distal respiratory structure epithelium

Answer 9

epithelium changes simple low columnar –> cuboidal –> low cuboidal –> simple squamous (at level of gas exchange)

Question 10

Types of cells in respiratory epithelium (5)

Answer 10

columnar cells w/ cilia “mucociliary escalator”, goblet cells, brush cells, neuroendocrine cells, basal stem cells

Question 11

brush cells

Answer 11

in respiratory endothelium, have synaptic contact with afferent nerves

Question 12

bronchus

Answer 12

trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles; respiratory epithelium; cartilaginous plates maintain rigidity and prevent collapse

Question 13

bronchiole

Answer 13

most proximal part of respiratory portion; transition ciliated simple columnar –> ciliated simple cuboidal; no cartilage, more SM and elastic fibers; no goblet cells but clara cells

Question 14

clara cells

Answer 14

found in bronchioles; stem cells that divide and replace other ciliated cells; secrete GAGS (i.e. surfactin-type liquid that lowers surface tension and prevents bronchiole from collapsing on itself); may play detox role

Question 15

draw a diagram of component transitions, characterizing frequency/type of epithelium, goblet cells, ciliated cells, glands, hyaline cartilage, SM, and elastic fibers from the trachea to alveoli

Answer 15

See slide 18 or 19

Question 16

Asthma

Answer 16

state of persistent subacute inflammation; inflammatory cells –> mediators and cytokines –> constriction of SM in bronchioles, vascular congestion, edema, increase in mucus production, decrease in mucociliary transport

Question 17

terminal bronchiole

Answer 17

last part of distal conducting portion of respiratory system; bifurcates into two respiratory bronchioles; alveoli may start budding off wall here

Question 18

Components of respiratory portion

Answer 18

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 19

alveolar duct

Answer 19

respiratory bronchiole –> alveolar duct –> alveolar sac; lined entirely by alveoli

Question 20

alveoli

Answer 20

where gaseous exchange occurs; blood-air barrier; fused basal lamina

Question 21

alveolar septum

Answer 21

made up of a few types of cells: endothelial, type I and II alveolar, interstitial, alveolar macrophages; like walls of hotel room

Question 22

macrophages in alveoli

Answer 22

macrophages exist within septum tissue and roaming macrophages (“dust cells”) that phagocytose debris

Question 23

alveolar pores of Kohn

Answer 23

like open doors b/t hotel rooms; equalize pressure and allow collateral circulation of air b/f alveoli (in case air gets blocked ex. w/ mucus)

Question 24

type I pneumocytes

Answer 24

covers 90% of surface area of alveolus; contains fenestrations (pores of Kohn)

Question 25

type II pneumocytes

Answer 25

produce pulmonary surfactant, which lowers surface tension and prevents pulmonary collapse; has lamellar bodies; can replicate itself or differentiate into type I (responsible for alveolar epithelial renewal)

Question 26

ratio of type I to type II pneumocytes

Answer 26

40% type I : 60% type II

Question 27

alveolar sac

Answer 27

dead-end cluster of alveoli at end of alveolar ducts

Question 28

lung segment

Answer 28

lung tissue that is serviced by a tertiary bronchus

Question 29

pulmonary arteries

Answer 29

deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs; travel in close proximity to branches of bronchial tree

Question 30

how does blood become oxygenated in lungs

Answer 30

circulates in capillaries between and alongside alveoli in order to become oxygenated b/f entering pulmonary vein

Question 31

pulmonary veins

Answer 31

delivers oxygenated blood back to the heart; located b/t lung segments away from bronchial tree

Question 32

autonomic nervous supply of resp system - parasympathetic

Answer 32

via vagus nerve; contracts SM --> bronchiole constriction

Question 33

autonomic nervous supply of resp system - sympathetic

Answer 33

via cardiac nervs; relaxes smooth muscle --> bronchial dilation

Question 34

what kind of drugs are used to treat asthma?

Answer 34

sympathomimetic

Question 35

Which part of lung has significant lymphatic drainage?

Answer 35

visceral pleura lymph

Question 36

Where does lymphatic drainage from the lung go?

Answer 36

hilar lymph nodes at root of the lung