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T4 Systems > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

from the exterior, the lungs are protected by the __________ ______

A

thoracic cage

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2
Q

the ________ border of the thoracic cage is the cervical musculature

A

superior

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3
Q

the __________ border of the thoracic cage is the respiratory diaphragm

A

inferior

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4
Q

the ribs, sternum and intercostals are the ________ and _________ borders of the thoracic cage

A

anterior and lateral

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5
Q

the thoracic vertebrae are the __________ border of the thoracic cage

A

posterior

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6
Q

the lungs are the __________ unit of the respiratory system

A

functional

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7
Q

each lung has an _____ and a ______

A

apex and base

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8
Q

the right lung has __ lobes

A

3

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9
Q

the right lung has __ fissures

A

2

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10
Q

the left lung has ___ lobes

A

2

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11
Q

the left lung has ___ fissure

A

1

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12
Q

a unique feature of the left lobe is the ________ notch

A

cardiac

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13
Q

_________ arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary

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14
Q

pulmonary _______ carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

veins

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15
Q

when oxygenated blood is sent from the left ventricle to the aorta which then pumps the blood to the body’s arterial network to disperse to the tissues; this is known as ____________ circulation

A

systemic

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16
Q

the _________ arteries arise from the thoracic aorta and provide the lung tissues with nutrients and oxygen

A

bronchial

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17
Q

the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________

A

gas exchange

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18
Q

the primary function of the respiratory system is ____ _________

A

gas exchange

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19
Q

gas exchange takes place in the respiratory airways at the __________ level

A

alveolar

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20
Q

___________ respiration involves exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane

A

pulmonary

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21
Q

the respiratory system can be __________ classified into two zones

A

structurally

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22
Q

the ________ respiratory tracts involves all the structures above the larynx

A

upper

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23
Q

the ________ respiratory tract involves all structures below the larynx

A

lower

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24
Q

the respiratory system can be ________ classified into two zones

A

functionally

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25
Q

the two zones of functional classification are the ___________ zone and the ____________ zone

A

conducting zone and the respiratory zone

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26
Q

the __________ zone consists of the structures that make up the physical passageway of air into the body

A

conducting

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27
Q

the _________ zone is where gas exchange takes place

A

respiratory

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28
Q

the _________ bifurcates into the left and right primary bronchi at the level of T___

A

trachea, T4

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29
Q

the left and right bronchi enter the lungs through slits called the _______

A

hilus

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30
Q

the primary bronchi branch into the ________ bronchi aka lobar bronchi

A

secondary

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31
Q

the secondary bronchi divide into _________ bronchi aka segmental bronchi

A

tertiary

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32
Q

the tertiary bronchi divide into __________ and finally the terminal bronchioles

A

bronchioles

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33
Q

T/F terminal bronchioles are the last structure within the conducting zone

A

true

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34
Q

T/F both cartilage content and smooth muscle content decrease from the trachea to the alveoli

A

true

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35
Q

gas change occurs in the respiratory ____________

A

bronchioles

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36
Q

respiratory bronchioles progress to form with the _________ ducts

A

alveolar ducts

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37
Q

alveolar ducts have alveolar ____

A

sacs

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38
Q

the alveoli and the corresponding terminal bronchiole form a functional unit called an ________

A

acinus

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39
Q

there are ___-___ acini per pulmonary lobule

A

5-7

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40
Q

________ are comprised of simple squamous epithelium

A

alveoli

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41
Q

T/F alveoli are supported by an elastic basement membrane

A

true

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42
Q

there are ___ types alveolar cells

A

3

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43
Q

type _____ alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelium walls with fibroblasts

A

one

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44
Q

type _____ alveolar cells: septal cells - metabolically active cells that secrete surfactant

A

two

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45
Q

type _____ alveolar cells are macrophages - large phagocytic cells that engulf foreign material

A

three

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46
Q

there are two main events that occur when breathing; __________ and ___________

A

inhalation and exhalation

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47
Q

during inhalation, the central cord pulls the diaphragm inferiorly, as a result the thoracic volume ___________ while intrathoracic pressure decreases

A

increases

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48
Q

inhalation creates a __________, resulting in an influx of air in the lungs

A

vacuum

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49
Q

diaphragmatic movement also assists with venous return by way of _________ the vena cava

A

pumping

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50
Q

during exhalation, thoracic volume ________ as the diaphragm ascends and pulmonary pressure increases

A

decreases

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51
Q

the __________ descends downward during inhalation, increasing thoracic volume

A

diaphragm

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52
Q

the ________ intercostal muscles lift the ribs during inhalation, increasing internal thoracic volume

A

external

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53
Q

the _________ are accessory muscles of breathing and activate to lift the upper 2 ribs

A

scalenes

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54
Q

the ____ is an accessory muscle of breathing and activates to lift the sternum and clavicle

A

SCM

55
Q

the pectoralis _______ is an accessory muscle of respiration, activating to elevate ribs 3-5

A

minor

56
Q

__________ expiration involves the contraction of the internal ______ muscles

A

forced
intercostals

57
Q

T/F the forced expiration muscles are recruited during exercise, coughing and sneezing

A

true

58
Q

surface tension of the ________ fluid affects pulmonary ventilation

A

alveolar

59
Q

_________ of the lung affects pulmonary ventilation

A

compliance

60
Q

how much effort is required to expand the lungs and chest wall is aka

A

lung compliance

61
Q

T/F someone with high lung compliance will have an easier time expanding the lungs

A

true

62
Q

________ resistance - relates to diameter of one’s airway

A

airway

63
Q

T/F a spinal cord injury can affect pulmonary ventilation

A

true

64
Q

a punctured lung will cause a __________

A

pneumothorax

65
Q

_________; a double layered serous membrane encapsulating the lungs

A

pleura

66
Q

T/F there are 3 pleura

A

false, there are two

67
Q

the __________ pleura, lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal

68
Q

T/F the visceral pleura is pain sensitive

A

false, the parietal pleura is pain sensitive

69
Q

the ________ pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs

A

visceral

70
Q

the pleura cavity is the ________ space between the two pleural layers

A

potential

71
Q

the pleural cavity contains fluid secreted by the pleura which decreases _________, allowing for smooth motions of the lungs with each breath

A

friction

72
Q

the layers of the pleura and the elastic properties of the lungs and chest wall, creates a __________ _________ between the parietal and visceral layers

A

negative pressure

73
Q

T/F the negative pressure does not assist with the mechanism of breathing

A

false

74
Q

T/F the negative pressure helps keep the lungs inflated

A

true

75
Q

the visceral layer pulls ________ and the parietal layer pulls __________, these two forces create the negative pressure within the pleural cavity

A

inwards
outwards

76
Q

T/F air moves out of the lungs when the alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure

A

true

77
Q

air moves _____ the lungs when the alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

A

into

78
Q

non-respiratory air movements are those that do not aid with the process of respiration, these include __________,__________,_________ & _________

A

coughing,sneezing,laughing and crying

79
Q

T/F non-respiratory movements are mostly reflex driven

A

true

80
Q

_________ clears the lower respiratory tract

A

coughing

81
Q

__________ clears the upper respiratory tract

A

sneezing

82
Q

in order for coughing to be effective it requires _________ and adequate strength

A

coordination

83
Q

coughing involves taking a deep breath, closing the _______ and forcing air upwards from the lungs against the closure

A

glottis

84
Q

when the glottis is suddenly _______, and. blast of air is forced upwards from the lower respiratory tract, this rush of air normally clears the air passage

A

opened

85
Q

cough receptors are located in the _________ where the trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi

A

larynx

86
Q

T/F the primary bronchi is aka the carina

A

true

87
Q

a ____________ cough produces expectorant

A

productive

88
Q

an __________ cough may or may not be productive (strong but dry - may still be effective in loosening secretions for eventual expulsion)

A

effective

89
Q

the sneeze reflex is usually initiated by a mild irritation in the lining of the ________ cavity

A

nasal

90
Q

the sneeze reflex is carried via the ___________ nerve

A

trigeminal

91
Q

a blast of air through the _______ directed into the nasal passages by depressing the _______, thus closing the opening between the pharynx and the oral cavity

A

glottis
uvula

92
Q

shortness of breath or ________ is a normal symptom of heavy exertion

A

dyspnea

93
Q

T/F dyspnea is always considered pathological

A

false

94
Q

when attempting to compensate for dyspnea one can take the ____________ position

A

breathlessness

95
Q

___________, the presence of blood in the pleural cavity

A

hemothorax

96
Q

____________, the presence of air/gas in the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

97
Q

___________ spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease

A

primary

98
Q

the following are the risks of _____

  • smoking
  • family history of pneumothorax
A

PSP

99
Q

___________ Spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), is idiopathic - in the absence of known lung disease

A

primary

100
Q

__________ spontaneous pneumothorax - pathologic due to an underlying lung pathology that alters normal lung structure/function i.e COPD, pneumonia, cancer

A

secondary

101
Q

T/F secondary spontaneous pneumothorax heals quicker than primary spontaneous pneumothorax

A

false

102
Q

the medical treatment for pneumothorax includes ________ ________ with or without supplemental oxygen

A

watchful waiting

103
Q

__________ is an inflammation of the pleural membranes

A

pleuritis

104
Q

pleuritis can be extremely painful, often __________ with abrupt onset

A

unilateral

105
Q

T/F pleuritis pain may refer to the shoulder

A

true

106
Q

T/F in cases of pleuritis, pain worsens when the inflamed pleura is stretched on breathing

A

true

107
Q

___ pain is often bilateral and located around the lower ribs, irritated by coughing

A

MSK

108
Q

________ pain is often sub-sternal and dull, “tightening” made worse by coughing but not deep breathing

A

bronchial

109
Q

_________ pain is often substernal discomfort, not affected by respiratory movements

A

myocardial

110
Q

_________ refers to an incomplete expansion of part of a lung or the entire lung

A

atelectasis

111
Q

_________ may be caused by, obstruction, lung compression or lung collapse

A

atelectasis

112
Q

T/F atelectasis may also interfere with secretion clearance from the lungs, leading to an increase risk of infection

A

true

113
Q

the following are complications of ____________

-acute pneumonia
- bronchiectasis
- respiratory failure
- sepsis
-empyema

A

atelectasis

114
Q

____________; a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity

A

empyema

115
Q

the three sources of atelectasis include _________, ________ and _________

A

obstruction, compression and collapse

116
Q

there are ___ types of atelectasis

A

2

117
Q

atelectasis _________ (primary atelectasis) implies the lung has never been inflated or has not inflated properly

A

neonatorum

118
Q

T/F atelectasis neonatorum may be complete or partial

A

true

119
Q

primary atelectasis is most often seen in ________ or other high risk births

A

premature

120
Q

__________ atelectasis implies the collapse of all or part of a lung that has previously been inflated

A

aquired

121
Q

________ atelectasis is often caused by obstruction or compression

A

aquired

122
Q

_________ is a common, chronic, inflammatory disorder of the airway

A

asthma

123
Q

chronic inflammation increases airway ______________ and results in decreased airflow in susceptible individuals - this inflammation causes episodes of __________, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing

A

hyperresponsiveness
wheezing

124
Q

T/F asthma attacks are common in the mid-afternoon

A

false, they are common at night or early in the morning

125
Q

there are two main types of asthma, __________ and ___ _______

A

allergic and non allergic

126
Q

T/F status asthmaticus is a medical emergency

A

true

127
Q

________ ____________; asthma attack lasting for several hours and unresponsive to medical treatment

A

status asthmatiucs

128
Q

T/F during status asthmaticus, the patient may become cyanotic from lack of oxygen

A

true

129
Q

cases of atopic asthma _______ the age of 35 tend to be precipitated by known triggers i.e pollen, dust, cigarette smoke, etc

A

under

130
Q

cases of atopic asthma in people ______ 35 years of age tend to be stress-related or due to chronic exposure to inhaled pollutants or chemicals

A

over

131
Q

_________ are the strongest predisposing factor for asthma

A

allergies

132
Q

________ asthma triggers include

dust mites
animal dancer
cockroaches
rodents
indoor mold

A

allergic

133
Q

_____ ________ triggers for asthma include

cold/dry air
exercise
exposure to strong scents
other respiratory infections

A

non-allergic

134
Q
A

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