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Final In Histo > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The primary functions of the respiratory system are

A

1) smell, 2) air conduction, and 3) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment, referred to as respiration.

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2
Q

The primary functions of the respiratory system are 1) smell, 2) air conduction, and 3) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the animal and the environment, referred to as respiration. This provides oxygen to body tissues for .

A

cellular respiration, removes the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance

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3
Q

Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, such as

A

sensing odors, speech production, and for straining, such as during childbirth or coughing

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4
Q

Respiration occurs at the ________, which lies at the most distal part of the respiratory tract.

A

air-blood interface

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5
Q

two crucial functions of the respiratory tract are

A

air conduction and respiration

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6
Q

The importance of considering these two roles is apparent during respiratory diseases in which interference with either _____________ (such as obstructive respiratory disease) or the _______________ (such as bacterial bronchopneumonia) results in life-threatening hypoxia.

A

air conduction
air-blood interface

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7
Q

Alveoli – alveoli walls are composed of a single layer of

A

squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes), scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants and antimicrobial proteins; no gas exchange, secrete oily surfactant in humid/watery environment ( (liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli) this can be prevented by surfactant. Has an extensive but small capillary network.

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8
Q

– connect adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs.

A

Alveolar pores

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9
Q

– keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

A

Alveolar macrophages

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10
Q

-chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries)

A

Alveolar sacs

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11
Q

– this is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, gasses fill the container: if the container size is reduced – the pressure increases (P). Pressure varies inversely with volume. Changes in thoracic/lung volume of the pleural cavities – the movement of the chest wall or diaphragm will directly affect the volume of the lung by changing the volume of pleural cavities.

A

Boyle’s Law

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12
Q
  • trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes (2 on left lung, 3 on right), one to each lobe tertiary bronchi (9-10 branches each lung) supply bronchopulmonary segment - C shaped rings are now offset, protects from all directions - bronchioles branch into alveoli
A

Brochial tree

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13
Q
  • like the arterioles of the cardiovascular system - varying bronchiole diameter controls the amount of resistance to airflow - extreme bronchoconstriction can almost completely block passage ways no cartilage, all smooth muscle *KEY: look at arteries and veins, pulmonary artery takes deox blood to lungs
A

Bronchioles

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14
Q
  • cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles. Club cells are rich in metabolic enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes) and therefore serve a major role in the biotransformation of inhaled xenobiotics.
A

Club cells (Clara cells)

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15
Q

– the pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Conducting zone

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16
Q
  • columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus. Histologically, goblet cells have swollen, basophilic to poorly staining cytoplasm (representing cytoplasmic mucin vesicles). Goblet cells are abundant within the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.
A

Goblet cells

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17
Q

– oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood.

A

External Respiration

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18
Q

– oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

A

Internal Respiration

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19
Q

Nose/Pharynx - air enters throughexternal naresor nostrils of thenosepasses into the nasal cavity and then back into thepharynx- nasal conchae increase surface area and swirl air through twists and turns - The pharynx (throat) is a muscular tube shared by respiratory and digestive systems, lined with stratified squamous epithelium -epithelial layers in nose highly vascular; mucus membrane binds large particles.

A
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20
Q

Larynx - air enters larynx throughglottis(opening)uvula:end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

A
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21
Q
  • projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing
    elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage
A

Epiglottis

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22
Q
  • Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium. The nasal turbinates function to help warm and humidify air and trap particulates.
A

Nasal turbinates

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23
Q
  • Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.
A

Olfactory epithelium

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24
Q
  • A pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells. This epithelium is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx), eustachian tube, trachea, and large bronchi.
A

Respiratory epithelium

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25
Q

Respiratory membrane - where simple diffusion of gases takes place Three layers:

A
  1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary 3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial; each tissue has its own basement membrane. Diffusion occurs rapidly because the distance is small and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble
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26
Q

– oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

A

Transport

27
Q
  • Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.
A

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

28
Q
  • Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.
A

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

29
Q
  • forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is, testosterone makes it bigger
A

Thyroid cartilage

30
Q
  • windpipe; extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus - not continuous cartilaginous tube (cartilage in “C” rings around tube) still have ciliated epithelia in tube
A

Trachea

31
Q
  • connects posterior of cartilage rings -contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea -sympathetic stimulationincreases diameter for large volumes of air (relaxes trachealis) - skeletal muscle bridges back of “C” cartilage - esophagus is behind trachea; swallow, needs to expand, the esophagus can bulge into backside of trachea because of “c” ring that doesn’t go all the way around
A

Tracheal muscles

32
Q
  • ciliated pseudostratified epithelium withgoblet cells
A

Mucosal layer of trachea

33
Q
  • connective tissue withseromucous glands(serum mucus)
A

Submucosa layer of trachea

34
Q

– the outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

Adventitia layer of trachea wall

35
Q

Cricoid cartilage - forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of

A

arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

36
Q

– this breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

37
Q

– supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

A

Respiration

38
Q

Inspiration - increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration

A
39
Q
  • quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles
A

Expiration

40
Q
  • at gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension; coats alveolar walls →reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse
A

Alveolar surface tension

41
Q
  • expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing
A

Lung compliance

42
Q
  • the total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle
A

Vital capacity

43
Q

– function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

A

Respiratory system

44
Q

– this is the site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli.

A

Respiratory zone

45
Q

: vestibular folds; do not have a role in sound production; inelastic and reduce size of glottis during swallowing (more towards head)

A

false vocal cords

46
Q

: vocal folds; are involved in sound production; no vasculature (true ligaments) - puberty lengthens and thickens vocal cords for men via testosterone; loudness controlled by amount of air.

A

true vocal cords

47
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into:

A

Air Conduction portion
Respiratory portion

48
Q

The conduction zone are the major organs of the respiratory system function primarily

A

to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance.

49
Q

Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, such as

A

sensing odors, and speech production, and for straining such as coughing.

50
Q

Air Conduction Portion

A

(Nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
, vomeronasal organ
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and
bronchioles)

51
Q

The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called ___________
In pulmonary ventilation, the air is inhaled through the __________

A

pulmonary ventilation.
nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth).

52
Q

The main function of the conducting system is to ‘condition’ the inspired air:
Air is conditioned by being:

A

humidified (by serous and mucous secretions) warmed (by underlying blood vessels) and filtered (by particles being trapped in mucous secretions, and transported towards the throat, where the mucous is swallowed).

53
Q

The upper respiratory system, or upper respiratory tract, consists of the _________________. These structures allow us to breathe and speak.

A

nostrils and nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the turbinates

54
Q

Species such as the horse have well-developed and distinct paranasal sinuses that include the

A

frontal, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, rostral maxillary, caudal maxillary, and sphenopalatine.

55
Q

Eachparanasal sinusis named for its associated bone: _______________________ The sinuses produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull.

A

frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoidal sinus, and ethmoidal sinus.

56
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium:Respiratory epithelium is____________________ . _______________ glands provide lubricating mucus.

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Seromucous

57
Q

are paired (left and right) specialized chemoreceptor organs adjacent to the nasal septum within the nasal cavity of domestic species.

A

Vomeronasal organs

58
Q

n is a thick layer of sensory epithelium partially encased by cartilage and associated with an abundant vascular supply.

A

Vomeronasal

59
Q

sensory epithelium is similar to that of olfactory epithelium, with a thick pseudostratified epithelium that contains three populations of cells: receptor cells, sustentacular cells, and basal cells.

A
60
Q

is shaped like a funnel and lined by a mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities. During respiration, it conducts air between the larynx and trachea (or “windpipe”) and the nasal and oral cavities.

A

Pharynx

61
Q

The pharynx is divided into three major regions: .

A

the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

62
Q

The ___________ is flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway. The lining epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

nasopharynx

63
Q

The _______________ is a passageway for both air and food. This lies posterior to the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils. The lining epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium.

A

oropharynx

64
Q

The___________lies anterior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge. The stratified squamous epithelium of the oropharynx is continuous with the laryngopharynx. Anteriorly, the laryngopharynx opens into the larynx, whereas posteriorly, it enters the esophagus.

A

laryngopharynx

Final In Histo (8 decks)

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