Respiratory

Question 1

causes of coughing/dyspnoea

Answer 1

cardiac disease -
cardiomegaly causing bronchus compression
congestive heart failure causing pulmonary oedema

respiratory disease -
upper or lower airway

Question 2

eupnoea

Answer 2

normal respiration

Question 3

tachypnoea

Answer 3

increased rate

Question 4

apnoea

Answer 4

no respiration

Question 5

hypo/hyperventilation

Answer 5

alterations to ventilation at alveolar level

Question 6

differentials for tachypnoea

Answer 6

primary respiratory disease
abdominal discomfort
metabolic disease - increase partial pressure CO2
primary cardiac disease
hyperthermia - attempt at cooling
neurological disease - damage to respiratory control centre
pain
stress

Question 7

upper respiratory tract signs

Answer 7

marked inspiratory effort - collapse of soft tissue with negative pressure on inspiration
inspiratory stridor or stertor
unilateral nasal discharge
harsh, dry, hacking cough, often prodcutive

Question 8

lower respiratory tract signs

Answer 8

marked expiratory effort - thickening, inflammation and mucous, smaller airways held open during inspiration and early collapse during expiration
bilateral nasal discharge
soft chesty cough - pneumonia, lower airway inflammation, cardiogenic origins

Question 9

restrictive respiratory pattern

Answer 9

thorax expansion restricted
decreased tidal volume and short shallow breaths –> hypoventilation

Question 10

paradoxical breathing pattern

Answer 10

paradoxical movement of chest wall - trauma or muscle fatigue from terminal respiratory failure

Question 11

types of nasal discharge

Answer 11

serous - allergic rhinitis, acute inflammation, viral infection

mucoid - chronic disease

mucopurulent - secondary infection with chronic disease

purulent - bacterial infection

haemorrhagic - trauma, clotting disorder, vascular disease

mixed - all of the above

unilateral - upper respiratory

bilateral - lower respiratory

Question 12

auscultation

Answer 12

wheezing - air passing through narrowed airways

crackles/rales - air passing through fluids

dull/absent sounds - no air movement through lungs

pleural rubs - friction between pleural surfaces

Question 13

percussion

Answer 13

thoracic - checking lung parenchyma

sinus - horses - altered resonance in paranasal sinuses points towards fluid/pus/cysts/masses

Question 14

endoscopy

Answer 14

direct visualisation of -
nasal meati
nasopharynx
ethmoid turbinates
nasomaxillary opening
guttural pouches
trachea

eg for laryngeal hemiplagia

Question 15

rhinoscopy

Answer 15

nasal foreign bodies or nasal masses

limited access in small animals
uses rigid scope

Question 16

radiography

Answer 16

paranasal sinuses
fluid accumulation
soft tissue masses
distortion/destruction of normal bony architecture

Question 17

radiographic patterns

Answer 17

interstitial - diffuse, nodular, space between alveoli and capillaries

bronchial - thickened bronchi, donut and tramlines

alveolar - consolidation or collapse of alveoli, air replaced by fluid or cells

vascular - changes to size, course or opacity of pulmonary vessels, often associated with cardiac disease

Question 18

nasal/nasopharyngeal swab

Answer 18

identification of specific pathogens (not screening)

viruses - influenza, herpes, IBR

bacteria - streptococcus equi

Question 19

ultrasonography

Answer 19

assess pleural space
pleural effusion
diseased lung tissue

Question 20

respiratory secretion sampling

Answer 20

tracheal wash - sampling tracheal mucous, cytology and culture

BAL - blind, cytology only

Question 21

causes of respiratory disease - cows

Answer 21

viral - BVD, IBR, PI3, BRSV

bacterial - manheima haemolytica, histophilus somnus, mycoplasma

parasites - lungworm

fog fever - tryptophan toxicity

farmers lung - mould allergy

aspiration pneumonia

Question 22

causes of respiratory disease - calves

Answer 22

enzootic pneumonia
IBR
PI3
RSV
BVD
Mycoplasmas
pasteurella
foreign body pneumonia

Question 23

respiratory disease risk factors - cattle

Answer 23

stress
failure of passive transfer
vaccination
age - housed calves aged 1-4 months highly susceptible
biosecurity
lungworm
fog fever - unlimited grazing access after hay making

Question 24

diagnostic tools - farm animal respiratory

Answer 24

fecal examination - lungworm
BAL - lungworm, cytology, viral antigens
ELISA - viral antigens, lungworm
radiography - foreign objects
ultrasound - structural changes and changes in lung density
blood gas analysis and PCV - hypoxia
thoracocentesis
lung biopsy - invasive, only tells about the section sampled
post mortem

Question 25

birds - signs of respiratory disease

Answer 25

common - especially if old, young, immunocompromised, stressedm or suboptimal environment or husbandry emergency - open mouth breathing dyspnoea mouth breathing tail bobbing discharge from nares respiratory noise change in voice

Question 26

reptiles - signs of respiratory disease

Answer 26

common open mouth breathing - emergency - emergency exagerrated respiratory effort gulping throat motions repeated yawning tracheal discharges respiratory noise ocular and nasal discharge respiratory noise facial swellings altered buoyancy in aquatic species

Question 27

exotic mammals - signs of respiratory disease

Answer 27

coughing sneezing wheezing dyspnoea open mouth breathing - emergency poor coat abnormal stance anorexia weight loss increased respiratory effort ocular or nasal discharge respiratory noise pyrexia

Question 28

exotic mammals - ddx respiratory disease - general

Answer 28

infectious - bacterial, viral, fungal non-infectious - environment - substrate/bedding, cleaning regime, changes to husbandry or routine diet heat stress stress - including neutering and vaccination diagphragmatic hernia pregnancy toxemia gastric dilation cardiac disease pulmonary neoplasia

Question 29

ferrets - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 29

pneumonia uncommon distemper influenza strep equi zooepidemicus strep pneumoniae e coli and other bacteria

Question 30

rats - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 30

mycoplasma pulmonis strep pneumoniae corynebacterium kutscheri

Question 31

guinea pigs - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 31

pneumonia significant issue - subclinical infection with signs when stressed opportunistic bacteria adenovirus parainfluenza virus

Question 32

chinchillas - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 32

pneumonia uncommon

Question 33

rabbits - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 33

myxomatosis RHDV neoplasia irritants foreign bodies cardiac disease gastric dilation bacteria - pasteurella, bortedella

Question 34

reptiles - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 34

environmental foreign bodies bacterial viral fungal parasitic

Question 35

snakes - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 35

lower respiratory disease more common arenavirus - inclusion body disease ophidian paramxyovirus sunshine virus nidovirus secondary bacterial disease chlamydia penumoniae - zoonotic mycobacterium - zoonotic

Question 36

birds - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 36

AI chlamydia psittaci bacterial - e coli, strep, staph fungal - aspergillus, candida parasites - trichomonas nutritional - hypovitaminosis A bacterial or fungal air sacculitis swab sample choanal slit

Question 37

tortoise - ddx respiratory disease

Answer 37

upper respiratory more common

Question 38

diagnostic tests - repisratory

Answer 38

upper - deep nasal swab - culture and sensitivity nasolacrimal duct flusg - cytology and culture rhinoscopy skull radiography CT lower - troacic radiography BAL/tracheal wash bloods - total white blood cell count (infection) PCR - chlamydia, myxo, RHV, distemper, boretedella, mycoplasma, pasteurella post mortem