Respiratory

Question 1

Hypoxemia

Answer 1

low o2 level in blood
o2 binds to hemoglobin molecules and realsed to tissue cells

Question 2

Hypercapnia

Answer 2

respiration’s decrease and carbon dioxide CO2 increases (respiratory acidosis)

Question 3

Pleural Effusion

Answer 3

• The presence of fluid in the pleural space -
  S&S
• dyspnea, compression atelectasis with impaired ventilation, pleural pain, mediastinal shift, some cardiovascular manifestations, decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion on the affected side

Question 4

Transudate(hydrothorax) PLE

Answer 4

Source of Accumulation
- Water fluid that diffuses out of capillaries beneath pleura
Primary or Associated Disorder
- Cardiovascular disease that causes high pulmonary capillary pressures
- Liver or kidney disease that disrupts plasma protein production, causing hypoproteinemia

Question 5

Exudate PLE

Answer 5

Source of Accumulation
- Fluid rich in cells and proteins that migrates out of capillaries (i.e.WBCs, plasma proteins)

Primary or Associated Disorder
- infection, inflammation, or malignancy of pleura that stimulates mast cells to release biochemical mediators that increase capillary permeability

Question 6

pus(empyema) PLE

Answer 6

Source of Accumulation
- Microorganisms and debris of infection (leukocytes, cellular debris) accumulate in pleural space

Primary or Associated Disorder
- Pulmonary infections, such as pneumonia
- Lung abscesses
- Infected wounds

Question 7

blood(hemothorax) PLE

Answer 7

Source of Accumulation
- Hemorrhage into pleural space

Primary or Associated Disorder
- Traumatic injury, surgery, rupture, or malignancy that damages blood vessels

Question 8

Chyle (chyothorax) PLE

Answer 8

Source of Accumulation
- Chyle (milky fluid containing lymph and fat droplets) that moves from lymphatic vessels into pleural space instead of passing from GI tract to thoracic duct

Primary or Associated Disorder
- Traumatic injury, infection, or disorder that disrupts lymphatic transport

Question 9

Pleurisy

Answer 9

• a symptom characterized by localized chest pain caused by a disease-causing inflammation of the pleura -

Primary pleurisy: To put it simply, primary pleurisy is inflammation that starts in the tissue of the pleura itself caused by an infection or injury;

Secondary pleurisy: An inflammation of the pleura caused by the lung itself or another disease in the chest such as pneumonia or a tumor.

Occurs with: pneumothorax, ACS, pulmonary emboli, acute pericarditis, chest wall trauma, aortic dissections, and pneumonia